Unit 1 Biochemistry

What is the relationship between atomic number and the number of protons in an atom?

Atomic number equals the number of protons.

How is atomic mass calculated?

Atomic mass is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons.

In an uncharged atom, what is the relationship between the number of protons and neutrons?

The number of protons equals the number of neutrons.

What is a chemical bond?

A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms.

What characterizes an ionic bond?

An ionic bond involves the transfer of electrons between atoms.

How do covalent bonds differ from ionic bonds?

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.

What distinguishes polar covalent bonds from non-polar covalent bonds?

Polar covalent bonds involve unequal sharing of electrons, while non-polar covalent bonds involve equal sharing.

What is a hydrogen bond?

A hydrogen bond is an interaction between a hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom like fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen.

Define electronegativity.

Electronegativity is a measure of how strongly an atom attracts electrons.

What are ions?

Ions are atoms or molecules that have a net charge.

What is an anion?

An anion is a negatively charged ion.

What is a cation?

A cation is a positively charged ion.

What occurs in a single covalent bond?

In a single covalent bond, two electrons are shared between two atoms.

How many electrons are shared in a double covalent bond?

A double covalent bond shares four electrons between two atoms.

What is shared in a triple covalent bond?

A triple covalent bond shares six electrons between two atoms.

What happens in a non-polar covalent bond?

Electrons are shared equally between two atoms.

How does a polar covalent bond differ from a non-polar covalent bond?

In a polar covalent bond, electrons are not shared equally.

What are the most abundant elements in organic molecules denoted by CHONPS?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur.

What is an isomer?

Isomers are organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but differ in their arrangement of atoms.

Define enantiomers.

Enantiomers are isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.