Unit 1 Biochemistry

Atomic # = # of Protons

Atomic mass= #of Protons +# of Neutrons

If uncharged: # of Protons = # of Neutrons


1.0 Chemical Bonds

Chemical Bonds: An attraction between atoms.

Ionic- electron transferred

Covalent- electrons shared

    Polar- unequal sharing

    Non-Polar- equal sharing

Hydrogen Bond: Interaction between a hydrogen atom and a very electronegative atom. (Fluorine, Oxygen, or Nitrogen)

Electronegativity: how strong an atom will attract electrons.

Ionic Bonds: Atoms that are held together by an attraction between a negatively and a positively charged ion.

Ions: atoms or molecules with a net charge

    1. Anion- a negative charged ion

  1. Ca+ion- a positive charged ion

Covalent bonds: Occur when two atoms share electrons to fill up their octet rule.

    1. Single Bond: Share 2 electrons

  1. Double Bond: Share 4 electrons

  2. Triple Bond: Share 6 electrons.

Non-polar Covalent Bond: occurs when electrons are shared equally

Polar Covalent Bond: occurs when electrons are NOT shared equally

Most abundant elements: CHONPS

    C-arbon: 4
    H-ydrogen: 1
    O-xygen: 2
    N-itrogen: 3
    P-hosphorus: 5
    S-ulfur: 6

Isomers: organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas, but different arrangements of atoms.

Enantiomers: Isomers that have the same formula and bonding sequence but different spatial arrangements such that they are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.


1.1