Pediatric Nursing Review Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards based on Toprank Review Academy Nursing Module covering Pediatric Nursing definitions, developmental stages (Freud, Erikson, Piaget, Kohlberg), assessment findings, and common pediatric disorders.

Growth

Physical change and quantitative increase in size of the whole body or any of its parts, with weight being the best index.

Development

Changes that mark a qualitative increase in function, complexity, and progression of skill that continues even after growth stops.

Maturation

Intrinsic processes of development that are genetically and organically programmed.

Asynchronous Growth

A concept where the whole body does not grow at once; instead, different regions and systems develop at different rates and times.

Cephalocaudal Development

Development that proceeds from the head to the tail (e.g., an infant lifting their head before their chest).

Proximal to Distal Development

Development that starts from the midline of the body and progresses towards the extremities.

Neonate

The childhood stage covering the first $28$ days of life.

Infant

The childhood stage covering the age period of $1$ month to $1$ year.

Toddler

The childhood stage covering the age period of $1-3$ years.

Preschooler

The childhood stage covering the age period of $4-6$ years.

School-age-child

The childhood stage covering the age period of $7-12$ years.

Adolescent

The childhood stage covering the age period of $13-18$ years.

Oral Stage (Freud)

Infant psychosexual stage where the world is explored using the mouth.

Anal Stage (Freud)

Toddler psychosexual stage focused on the control of urination and defecation.

Phallic Stage (Freud)

Preschool psychosexual stage involving sexual identity through awareness of the genital area.

Latent Stage (Freud)

School-age psychosexual stage where personality development appears non-active or dormant.

Genital Stage (Freud)

Adolescent psychosexual stage involving sexual maturity and relationships with the opposite sex.

Trust versus Mistrust (Erikson)

Infant developmental task with the goal to love and be loved.

Autonomy versus Shame (Erikson)

Toddler developmental task to be independent and make decisions for self.

Initiative versus Guilt (Erikson)

Preschool developmental task to start doing things and practice basic problem solving.

Industry versus Inferiority (Erikson)

School-age developmental task focusing on the desire to do things well.

Identity versus Role Confusion (Erikson)

Adolescent developmental task to learn who they are and adjust to a body image.

Separation Anxiety

The primary fear experienced during the toddler stage.

Parallel Play

The style of play characteristic of toddlers where they play alongside but not with others.

Oedipus Complex

The strong emotional attachment a preschool boy demonstrates toward his mother.

Electra Complex

The attachment of a preschool girl to her father.

Magical Thinking

A preschool characteristic where animals and inanimate objects are perceived as capable of thought and feeling.

APGAR Screening Test

An assessment done at $1$ and $5$ minutes after birth evaluating Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration.

Low Birth Weight (LBW)

A birth weight of less than $2,500$ grams.

Large for Gestational Age (LGA)

A birth weight of greater than $4,000$ grams.

Extrusion Reflex

A neurologic response where food placed on an infant's tongue is thrust forward and out of the mouth.

Moro Reflex

A startle response where the newborn symmetrically abducts and extends the arms when hearing a loud noise or being startled.

Babinski Sign

A plantar reflex where the toes hyperextend and the big toe dorsiflexes upon stroking the lateral aspect of the sole.

Anterior Fontanel

A diamond-shaped soft spot on the head that closes between $12-18$ months.

Caput Succedaneum

Swelling of the scalp caused by prolonged labor that crosses over suture lines.

Cephalhematoma

A collection of blood caused by ruptured periosteal capillaries which does not cross suture lines.

Craniotabes

Localized softening of the cranial bones caused by pressure against the mother's pelvic bone in utero.

Nasal Flaring

Enlargement of the nostrils during breathing that indicates respiratory distress.

Choanal Atresia

A congenital blockage at the rear of the nose; a failure to pass a nasogastric tube through the nares confirms this.

Pseudomenstruation

A normal, sometimes blood-tinged mucus vaginal secretion in female newborns caused by maternal hormones.

Spina Bifida Occulta

A congenital defect seen as a small dimple at the lower back, often asymptomatic and occurring with no protruding sac.

Myelomeningocele

The most severe form of Spina Bifida where the herniated sac contains meninges, spinal fluid, and a portion of the spinal cord and nerves.

Hydrocephalus

Excess of CSF in the ventricles of the subarachnoid space, which may be communicating or non-communicating/obstructive.

Macewen’s Sign

A clinical finding in hydrocephalus where the bones of the head are widely separated, producing a "cracked pot" sound upon percussion.

Kernig’s Sign

A sign of meningitis characterized by the inability to extend the leg when the thigh is flexed anteriorly at the hip.

Brudzinski Sign

A sign of meningitis where neck flexion causes involuntary adduction and flexion movements of the lower extremities.

Spastic Cerebral Palsy

The most common type of cerebral palsy where the cortex is affected, resulting in a scissor-like gait.

Trisomy 21

Also known as Down Syndrome, this chromosomal aberration involves the presence of an extra copy of chromosome $21$, totaling $47$ chromosomes.

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

The most common congenital heart defect ($30\%$), involving an abnormal opening between the left and right ventricles.

Tetralogy of Fallot

A cyanotic heart defect defined by four features: pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy, overriding aorta, and VSD.

Status Asthmaticus

A medical emergency where a child displays respiratory distress despite vigorous asthma treatment measures.

Pyloric Stenosis

Hypertrophy of the circular muscles of the pylorus causing forceful projectile, non-bilious vomiting and an olive-shaped mass in the epigastrium.

Celiac Disease

Also known as gluten enteropathy, it is an intolerance to gluten resulting in intestinal villi atrophy and steatorrhea.

Hirschsprung’s Disease

Congenital aganglionosis characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the rectum, leading to ‘ribbon like stools’ and bowel obstruction.