Everything except ENT

retains body fluids, protects underlying tissues, synthesizes vitamin D, helps control body temperature

what are the functions of the skin?

hair, nails, glands

what are the appendages of the skin?

melanin

what gives our skin color?

genetically, increase with sun exposure

how are melanin levels determined?

reddening or erythema of skin

describe oxyhemoglobin

pallor of skin

describe deoxyhemoglobin

yellow pigmentation due to vitamin A

describe carotene

yellow brown pigment from breakdown of RBCs, jaundice

describe bilirubin

short, thin, light-colored, and barely noticeable thin hair

what is vellus?

thick, long, and dark

describe terminal hair

terminal hair

during puberty, what is vellus hair replaced with?

3-4 months

how long does it take for the nail to grow from base to distal edge?

purple rash around eyelid

what is heliotrope?

shedding hair from the roots

what is the hair pull test used to examine?

gently grasp 50-60 hairs with fingers and pull hair away firmly from scalp

how do you perform the hair pull test?

>6 hairs easily pull out

what is an abnormal hair pull test?

Hair fragility

what does the hair tug test for?

hold a group of hairs in one hand and pull along hair shafts with opposite hand

how do you perform the hair tug test?

hair loss

what is alopecia?

androgenetic, alopecia areata, alopecia totalis

what are the types of alopecia?

androgenetic

what is male pattern baldness?

sharply outlined, may regrow

what is alopecia areata?

alopecia totalis

what is total lack of hair?

pediculosis

what is infestation with blood-sucking lice?

direct contact (very contagious)

how do lice spread?

no

do blood-sucking lice hop or fly?

inspect for nits (eggs) attached to hair shaft, especially above ears and at nape of neck

how should you examine the scalp for pediculosis?

scalp, body, and pubic area

what can pediculosis affect?

Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving (ABCDE)

what is the mneumonic for shape/type?

mole

what is nevus aka?

congenital or acquired highly pigmented area on the skin

what is a nevus?

flat or raised

a nevus can be...

blue, giant, hairy

what are some types of nevus?

flat, distinct, discolored area of skin less than or equal to 1 cm wide

what is a macule?

macule

what is a freckle an example of?

flat, distinct discolored area > 1cm

what is a patch?

patch

what is vitiligo an example of?

elevated lesion less than or equal to 1 cm

what is a papule?

elevated lesion >1 cm

what is a plaque?

plaque

what type of lesion is psoriasis an example of?

>0.5 cm firmer mass-deeper than papule

what is a nodule?

nodule

what type of lesion is a rheumatoid nodule an example of?

irregular, transient, localized edema

what is a wheal?

lesion filled with serous fluid less than or equal to 1cm

what is a vesicle?

vesicle

what type of lesion is herpes zoster an example of?

fluid filled lesion >1 cm

what is a bulla?

bulla

what type of lesion is a burn an example of?

pus-filled lesion

what is a pustule?

acne

what is an example of a pustule?

loss of epidermis, moist w/o bleeding

describe erosion

ruptured blister

what is an example of an erosion?

deeper loss of skin surface, can bleed and scar

describe an ulcer

diabetic foot ulcer

what is an example of an ulcer?

linear crack

describe a fissure

dried residue of serum, blood, or pus

describe crust

crust

what is a scab aka?

flakes of exfoliated epidermis

describe scale

sunburn, dandruff, cradle cap

what are some examples of scale?

thick, rough skin

describe lichenification

chronic scratching

what is lichenification often from?

lichenification

what condition increases visibility of normal skin furrows?

solitary

what should you report if a pt has one singular lesion/rash?

configuration

what is the shape of single lesions or the arrangement of groups of lesions?

linear

describe configuration

clustered or grouped

describe configuration

nummular

describe configuration

coin-shaped, no central clearing

describe nummular

annular

describe configuration

circular, ring-shaped with central clearing

describe annular

serpiginous

describe configuration

determine if blanchable

what should be done with red lesions (erythema)?

turns white, lesions suggest inflammation

describe blanchable

blood filling surrounding tissues

what is nonblanching due to?

sebaceous glands

what are exocrine glands off of hair follicles?

to lubricate and waterproof skin

what is the purpose of the oily/waxy sebum secreted by sebaceous glands?

palms or soles

where are sebaceous glands not found?

eccrine glands

what are the major sweat glands of the human body?

virtually in all skin

eccrine glands are found...

palms, soles, and head

where is the highest density of eccrine glands?

trunk and extremities

where is there a lower density of eccrine glands?

axillae and inguinal areas

where are apocrine glands primarily found?

stress

what are apocrine glands stimulated by?

bacterial decomposition results in body odor

why are apocrine glands smelly?

hidradenitis suppurativa

name pathology: chronic disease of apocrine glands

under axillae and in pubic region

where does hidradenitis suppurativa form abcesses and nodules?

inflammation of proximal or lateral nail folds, can be acute or chronic

what is paronychia?

paronychia

name nail abnormality

chronic hypoxia (ex: lung disease and heart malformations)

what is clubbing associated with?

more convex

describe nail plate in clubbing

rounded and bulbous

describe distal phalanx in clubbing

spongy

describe proximal nail fold in clubbing

clubbing

what is this nail abnormality?

painless separation of nail from nail bed

what is onycholysis?

trauma, chemicals, artificial nails

what can cause onycholysis?

onycholysis

name nail abnormality

fungal infection of the nail

what is onychomycosis?

onychomycosis

name nail abnormality

white lines/dots appear on nails

what is leukonychia?

vigorous manicuring or trauma

what is leukonychia due to?

leukonychia

name this nail abnormality