immuno exam2

State two take home findings from the reading Dhabhar & McEwen (1999), describe the authors’ interpretations of these two findings.

Contrary to the idea that stress suppresses immunity, we have reported
that short-duration stressors significantly enhance skin DTH and that a
stress-induced trafficking of leukocytes to the skin may mediate this
immunoenhancement.”
“In contrast, high-dose corticosterone, chronic corticosterone, or low-dose
dexamethasone ad- ministration significantly suppressed skin DTH.”
“These results suggest a role for adrenal stress hormones as endogenous
immunoenhancing agents. These results also show that hormones released
during an acute stress response may help prepare the immune system for
potential challenges (e.g., wounding or infection) for which stress perception
by the brain may serve as an early warning signal.

List four differences in the characteristics of innate and adaptive receptors.

Innate receptor specificity is germline encoded, while B cells can change the
specificity of their receptors throughout their lifetime via somatic
hypermutation.
Innate receptors recognize common patterns of microbial surfaces, while
adaptive receptors can recognize specific patterns unique to a variant of a
microbe
Innate receptors have many different functions such as inducing
phagocytosis or inducing inflammatory cytokine production, whereas
adaptive receptor’s main function is to induce B and T cell activation.
Innate receptors are all identical on a particular cell type, such as a
macrophage, while adaptive receptors differ between cells of the same type,
such as T cells, but are the same on clones of that cell.

Innate receptors are encoded in single genes, while TCR and BCR are
multiple gene segments that have to be assembled during T and B cell
development

Name four immunoglobulin isotypes and
describe one of their functions

IgM - Activates complement system

IgE - mast cell senstization

IgG - Neutralization, diffusion into extravascular sites

IgA - neutralization, epithelium transport

IgD - basophil sensitization

Name four TLRs and their ligands

TLR1:TLR2 = lipopeptides from bacteria or parasitic molecules
TLR2:TLR6 = fungi and lipoteichoic acid from gram-positive bacteria
TLR3 = dsRNA of viruses
TLR4 = LPS from gram negative bacteria
TLR5 = flagellin from bacteria
TLR7 & TLR8 = ssRNA of RNA viruses
TLR9 = unmethylated CpG DNA of bacteria and DNA viruses

6. _____________________ are cytokines that recruit cells to move toward
areas of inflammation.

chemokines

The release of ____________ by macrophages induces local
inflammation, but can cause shock and multiple organ failure when
released systemically.

TNF-alpha

After a B cell has been activated, the process of
________________________________________ results in change in the
constant region of the heavy-chain of antibodies

Isotype switching

____________________ are a type of pattern recognition receptor that
induces phagocytosis.

scavenger

___________________ is an enzyme that minimizes the damaging
effects of reactive oxygen species to neighboring host cells.

catalase

To amplify the inflammatory response, the inflammasome
cleaves IL-1β to its active form and the _________________ dies via
pyroptosis to release large amounts of IL-1β.

macrophage

_________________ is a specific location or structure on antigen
where an immunoglobulin binds

epitope

Which of the following is NOT associated with mobilization of
neutrophils to infected tissue?

interferon response

Toll-like receptors are located

on the plasma membrane and endosomal membranes.

All of the following statements regarding Toll-like receptors are
true except

the cytoplasmic signaling domain contains a variable number of
leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs).

__________ binds to and retains NFκB in the cytosol

IκB

All of the following induce fever except

IL-12

Which of the following is false regarding multivalent antigen?

They are strictly defined as an antigen with multiple identical
epitopes.

Which cytokine activates NK cells?

IL-12

Which of the following PRR recognizes RNA in the cytosol that
has an uncapped 5′-triphosphate end?

RIG-1-like receptors

All of the following are correct in reference to type I interferons
EXCEPT

the receptor for type I interferons is abundant in the cytosol and
absent on the cell surface.

_________ is a cytokine produced by both macrophages and dendritic cells that
promotes the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of NK cells

IL-15