Exam 4 Study Suggestions for Musculoskeletal and Neurological Topics

These flashcards cover key topics and vocabulary necessary for understanding musculoskeletal and neurological conditions relevant to the exam.

What is a tendon?

A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

What is a ligament?

A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

What is fascia?

Fascia is a band or sheet of connective tissue that supports and surrounds organs and muscles.

What are bursae?

Bursae are small fluid-filled sacs that cushion and protect areas where tendons or muscles slide over bones.

What is periostium?

Periosteum is a dense layer of vascular connective tissue that envelops the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

What is osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weakened bones, increasing the risk of fractures.

How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

Osteoporosis is diagnosed using bone density tests or imaging studies.

What are the complications of untreated osteoporosis?

Complications include increased risk of fractures, which can lead to significant morbidity.

What are the possible treatments for osteoporosis?

Treatments can include medications, lifestyle changes, and supplements like calcium and vitamin D.

What is compartment syndrome?

Compartment syndrome is a condition where pressure builds up within a muscle compartment, leading to muscle and nerve damage.

What should be included in a neurovascular assessment?

A neurovascular assessment includes checking circulation, sensation, and movement in the limbs.

What is stroke?

Stroke is a medical condition where blood supply to the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients.

Differentiate between ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes.

Ischemic stroke occurs due to blood clots, whereas hemorrhagic stroke occurs due to bleeding in the brain.

What are the general symptoms of stroke?

Symptoms can include sudden numbness, confusion, trouble seeing, trouble walking, and severe headache.

What imaging is needed for stroke diagnosis?

CT or MRI scans are commonly used for stroke diagnosis and assessment.

What is TPA?

TPA (Tissue Plasminogen Activator) is a thrombolytic agent used to dissolve blood clots in cases of ischemic stroke.

What are the types of aphasia?

Types of aphasia include Broca's aphasia, Wernicke's aphasia, and global aphasia, affecting speech and understanding.

What are the complications of strokes?

Complications can include disability, recurrent strokes, and complications like infections or bleeding.

What is meningitis?

Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

What is multiple sclerosis (MS)?

MS is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, disrupting communication between the brain and the body.

What is myasthenia gravis (MG)?

MG is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by weakness in the skeletal muscles.

What is trigeminal neuralgia?

Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve in the face.

What is Bell's palsy?

Bell's palsy is a sudden, temporary weakness in the facial muscles due to nerve inflammation.

What is Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)?

GBS is a rare neurological disorder where the body's immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system.

What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

What is Huntington's disease?

Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder causing the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain.

What is Parkinson's disease?

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder affecting movement and causing tremors.

What are seizures?

Seizures are electrical disturbances in the brain that can result in changes in behavior, movements, and consciousness.

What types of headaches are there?

Types of headaches include tension headaches, migraines, and cluster headaches.

What is Alzheimer's disease?

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline.