heredity, meiosis, contraceptives, sexual cycle

vasectomy definition

each vas deferens (tube that carries sperm) cut and sealed to prevent sperm from being ejaculated with semen adv: no lasting side effects, no other birth control needed disadv: gen irreversible, can have pain after procedure

tubal litigation definition

closing, cutting, or removal of fallopian tubes to prevent the egg from travelling down the fallopian tube to the uterus and keeps the sperm from travelling up the fallopian tube to the egg adv: no lasting side effects, no other birth control needed, disadv: gen irreversible, could invovle pain after procedure, increased risk of any pregnancy occurs will be ectopic

prophase i

chromatin condenses, nuclear envelope disappears, mologous chromosomes synapse and crossing over between homologous chromosomes occurs

metaphase i

homologous chromosomes align at the metaphase plate

anaphase i

homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles (reduction division)

telophase i

chromosomes uncoil, nuclear envelope reforms

cytokinesis (i)

cytoplasmic division produces 2 haploid daughter cells

prophase ii

nuclear envelope disintegrates again, new spindle forms

metaphase ii

chromosomes align on metaphase plate

anaphase ii

sister chromatids of duplicated chromosomes separate

telophase ii

new nuclear envelopes reform around chromsomes, nuclei have ½ the amount of DNA the parent cells had, chromsomes uncoil and cytoplasm divides

final product of meiosis

4 (distinct) haploid cells with single stranded chromsomes

after meiosis 1

reduces the chromsome number from 46 (diploid/2n) to 23 (haploid/n) in human gametogenic cells (sperm and eggs). [two copies of each chromosome to one copy]

follicular phase

ovarian cycle, days 1-14, from beginning of menstruation until ovulation, development of ovarian follicles (primary to mature) and secretion [primarily] of estradiol

ovulation

ovarian cycle, day 14 but may take 2-3 days, rupture of follicle and release of oocyte, oocyte swept by the ciliary current and taken into the uterine tube, luteinizing hormone peaks

luteal phase

ovarian cycle, days 15-28, fikkucke erruptes and becomes corpus luteum, corpus luteum shrinks and becomes corpus albicans, just after ovulation until onset of menstruation

proliferative phase

menstrual cycle, days 5-14, functional layer of endometrium is rebuilt, estradiol rises and peaks at end

secretory phase

menstrual cycle, days 15-26, endometrium continues to thicken, high progesterone levels and estradiol levels decrease

premenstrual phase

menstrual cycle, days 27-28, drop in progesterone, menstrual fluid forms

menstrual phase

menstrual cycle, days 1-5, shedding of functional layer of endometrium, leaving only the basal layer

intrauterine devices (contraceptive category)

hormonal IUD and copper IUD, device containing hormones/copper that is inserted into the uterus, prevents release of egg, [thickens cervical mucus only hormonal], and changes lining of uterus, 5-10 years

natural contraception

fertility awareness methods (basal body temperature methods, calendar methods, cervical mucus methods, symptothermal method [combo]), observation and careful record keeping to determine fertile periods and requires abstinence and other contraceptives

sterilization (contraceptive category)

vasectomy and tubal litigation

emergency contraception (contraceptive category)

emergency contraception pills (combo pills of progestin and estrogen or just estrogen, two doses started within 72 hours after unprotected sex/failure takes place, sooner = more effective), emergency contraception IUD (copper-releasing IUD placed 5-7 days after event)

hormonal contraceptives: progestin only (contraceptive category)

minipill (prescribed and taken orally each day for 28 day cycle, consistent doses of progestin that prevent release of egg, thicken cervical mucus, and change uterus lining), hormonal injection (given every 12 weeks and provides consistent doses of progestin, no recieve cont for >2 years [bone thinning]), hormonal implant (releses progestin, up to 3 years)

barrier methods (contraceptive category)

male condom (thin sheath of latex fitted over erect penis to capture sperm), female condom (polyurethane sheath covers and lines the vagina, inner ring in vagina over cervix and outer ring outside vagina and converse vulva), cervical cap and diaphragm (silicone cap/shallow latex cup fits around cervix, coated with spermicide and leave in place at least 6 hours after sex), contraceptive sponge (polyurethane foam sponge covers cervix, blocks and absorbs sperm and releases spermicide, protection for 24 hours after insertion and leave for 6 hours), spermicide (chemical inserted into vagina and blocks and kills sperm before pen uterus)

hormonal contraceptives: progestin and estrogen (contraceptive category)

combination pill (prescribed and taken orally each day for 21, 28, or 91 day cycles, provides consistent doses of progestin and estrogen that prevent release of egg and thicken cervical mucus), hormonal patch (thin, plastic, attach to skin, worn 1 week at a time for 3 weeks, consistent doses of estrogen and progestin), hormonal ring (placed in vagin every 4 weeks stays for 3, doses progestin and estrogen)

most and least effective hormonal contraceptive (progestin and estrogen)

all equally effective (99% and 92%) for combination pill, hormonal patch, and hormonal ring

most and least effective barrier contraceptive

most: male condon (98% and 85%) least: cervical cap and contraceptive sponge (86-85% and 71%)

most and least effective hormonal contraceptive: progestin only

most: hormonal injection (99% and 97%) least: minipill (99% and 92%)

hormonal impant and IUD effectiveness

99% and 99% for hormonal implant, hormonal IUD, and copper IUD

emergency contraceptive, natural contraceptive, and sterilization effectiveness

pill: reduce risk of pregnancy from 75-89%, emergency IUD: reduces risk of pregnancy by 99%, natural: 99% and 75%, sterilizatoin: 99% and 99%

barrier contraceptive method advs and disadvs

adv: latex and polyurethane protects against STDs, inexpensive and no prescription, [comfortable] disadv: careful handling and timing, may reduce sensation for one or both partners, must be inserted before intercourse, proper fit and use

hormonal contraceptives: progestin only adv and disadv

adv: safer than combo hormones if no able take estrogen, can be used while breastfeeding, uniterrupted intimacy, may protect against some cancers disadv: must be taken daily, may cause unusual or irregular bleeding, weight gain, anxiety, etc., increased risk that any pregnancy occurs ectopic, possible delay in return to fertility

hormonal implant adv and disadv

adv: sim to adv of minipill, no daily pill, fertility returns quickly after removal disadv: similar to disadv of minipill, must be inserted/removed by healthcare prof

IUD adv and disadv

adv: no daily monitoring or pill, may reduce menstrual cramps and flow, uniterrupted intimacy, can be used while breastfeeding disadv: increased risk of ectopic preg/pelvic infec/inferty, may cause spotting btwn periods, STDs can be more serious

hormonal contraceptives: progestin and estrogen adv and disadv

adv: periods become lighter, shorter, and more regular, may lower risk of some cancers, ovarian cysts, PID, less occurrence of menstrual cramps, acne, etc., uninterrupted intimacy diadv: must be taken daily, may increase risk of blood clots, strokes, heart attack, or high bp, may cause bleeding between periods, change in mood, etc.

natural contraception adv and disadv

adv: no medical or hormonal side effects, easily obtainable disadv: restricts sex to unfertile days, req prof training and record keeping, less effective for women with irregular periods, illness and lack of sleep may affect body temp

emergency contraception adv and disadv

adv: allows another chance to prevent pregnancy disadv: may req prescription, may cause nausea, vomiting, or ab pain

allele

alternate or varying forms of a particular gene

homologous chromosome

one of the two members of each of the pair of human chromosome (every somatic cell 46 chroms arranged in 23 pairs)

gene

an area on a chromosome that codes for a particular protein, portion of a DNA nucleotide chain that functions as a hereditary unit

trait

a characteristic that is caused by gneetics

homozygous

both of the chromosomes in a particular pair carry the same allele

heterozygous

having two different alleles of the same gene

dominant gene

an allele that expresses in the phenotype regardless of the instructions carried by the other allele

recessive gene

an allele that only gets expressed in the phenotype if it is present on both of the chromosomes of a homologous pair

genotype

the chromosomes and genes that are present on your nucleated somatic cells; which two alleles an organism has

phenotype

the visible appearance that is a result of the combination of alleles present; the physical expression of the genotype

incomplete dominance

a heterozygous condition in which both alleles are at least partially expressed

sex-linked inheritance

inheritance of a trait that can only occur through one of the sex (X or Y) chromosomes