bringing cinnamon to Europe

Fragrant

having a pleasant smell

Spice

a type of powder or seed, taken from plants, that you put into food you are cooking to give it a special taste

Native

growing, living, produced etc in one particular place = indigenous

Mix with

blend with, combine with, add to

anoint

to make someone holy in a religious ceremony by putting holy water or oil on them

Token

signal, mark, evidence

Mourner

a person who attends a funeral as a relative or friend of the dead person.

Funeral

a ceremony for burying or cremating (=burning) a dead person

scent

smell, fragrance

Additive

a substance that is added to food to improve its taste, appearance etc

Flavour

to give something a particular taste or more taste

Purchase

buy

Condiment

spice, seasoning, flavoring

exotic

foreign, non-native

Banquet

formal meal

At someone’s disposal

available to sb

cure

heal, treat, alleviate

Ailment

illness, sickness, disease

Indigestion

pain or discomfort in the stomach associated with difficulty in digesting food

Desire

to want something, especially strongly.

Elite

the richest, most powerful in a society

Consumption

the act of eating, drinking or using products

Demand for something

need, desire, wish, want

Merchant

dealer, buyer and seller, tradesman

Guard

protect, defend

rival

competitor, opponent, enemy, foe # partner, ally

Overland

across the land, not by sea or by air

Have monopoly of

have exclusive possession, have control over something

Virtual

almost, nearly

Exorbitantly

to a very high degree that does not seem reasonable

Couple something with something

to consider one thing along with or in addition to something else

Spur

encourage, stimulate, boost

eager

enthusiastic, excited

Cultivation

the preparation and use of land for growing plants or crops

Ethnic group

a group of people from a particular culture or of a particular race

peel

to remove the skin of fruit and vegetables

Pliable

easily bent, flexible

curl

to form or cause to form into a curved or spiral shape

Associate with

link with, connect with , relate to

Tribute

something that you say, do, or give in order to express your respect or admiration for someone

Enslave

to make somebody a slave

Harvest

to gather crops from the fields

Generate profits

earn, gain money

Set your sights on something

to decide to achieve something

Displace somebody

replace = to take the place or position of something or someone

Ally yourself to/with somebody

to start to support someone

inland

center, inner, domestic

In return for

as an exchange for something

overrun

invade, spread

occupy

take possession of, invade

Expel somebody from somewhere

to force someone to leave a place

Lucrative

profitable, money-making # unprofitable

hold

control, power, influence

Treat sb harshly

to behave towards somebody sb in an unkind or cruel way

Boost

spur, stimulus, increase

Satisfy somebody’s appetite

supply enough food or goods in order to satisfy the high demand of someone

Ever-increasing

increasing all the time

Alter

change, convert

Practice

custom, procedure, tradition, habit, method, system

Exhausted

depleted, used up, run out, spent, finished

Strip off/of

to remove, pull or tear the covering, or outer layer from something.

bark

the hard outer covering of a tree

Supplement

add to, enhance, increase, make bigger

Diminish

decrease, decline, reduce, lessen, shrink # increase

Supersede

to take the place of something/somebody that is considered to be old-fashioned or no longer the best available