Psych Unit 3 Aos 2

Behaviourist approach

Behaviour learned by interacting with environment. Emphasis on stimulus and response

Social-cognitive approach

Learning occurs through watching others, looking at their behaviour and the consequences.

Classical conditioning

• Behaviourist approach to learning

• Learning to elicit an involuntary (reflexive) behaviour to a stimulus that isn’t usually responded to

• Involves pairing two stimulus together, association formed between stimuli

CC Phase One - Before conditioning

• Neutral stimulus does not evoke a reflex

• Unconditioned stimulus evokes reflex naturally

• Unconditioned response is the reflex that occurs when UCS presented

CC Phase Two - During conditioning

• Present NS then immediately after present the UCS. UCS evokes reflex of UCR

• Repeated many times for association to occur. Closer together the faster learning occurs, reduces interference of other stimuli

CC Phase Three - After conditioning

• Conditioned stimulus, previously the NS, has acquired the capability to evoke the reflex

• Conditioned response is the learned response similar to/the same as the reflex. Produced on presentation of CS alone

• An association has been formed

CC Stimulus Generalisation

A stimulus similar to CS may also trigger the conditioned response

CC Stimulus Discrimination

Only the CS and no other similar stimulus trigger the CR

CC Extinction

After learning has occurred, if the CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS, the strength of the CR will decrease over time.

CC Spontaneous Recovery

Even if a CR has been extinguished, it may occasionally and temporarily reappear.

Operant conditioning

Learning process where likelihood of voluntary behaviour is determined by consequences. Used when wanting to increase or decrease behaviour in the future.

OC: Antecedent

Event/stimulus that is present just before the target behaviour occurs

OC: Behaviour (voluntary)

Observable target behaviour

Consequence

Occurs as a result of the behaviour to increase or decrease likelihood of it occurring next time antecedent occurs.

Reinforcement

• Consequences that increase the likelihood of a behaviour occurring.

• Positive involves adding something you don’t have

• Negative involves subtracting something

Punishment

• Consequences that decrease the likelihood of a behaviour occurring

• Positive involves adding something

• Negative involves subtracting something

OC extinction

• When reinforcement no longer provided, target behaviour decreases. When punishment no longer given, target behaviour returns.

• Partial reinforcement can reduce how quickly extinction occurs

OC spontaneous recovery

Brief return of target behaviour after extinction even when consequence not given. May be weaker response than first conditioning.

OC stimulus generalisation

Tendency to do behaviour in similar antecedent conditions

OC stimulus discrimination

Only do behaviour in same antecedent

Observational Learning

Social-cognitive approach to learning

Occurs when learner observes someone’s actions and consequences to guide their future actions

ARRMR

OL - Attention

Observer actively watches the model closely to observe behaviour & consequences

OL - Retention

Observer needs to remember the behaviour of model & store as mental representation so they can replicate

OL - Reproduction

When models behaviour has been closely attended to & retained, observer can attempt to reproduce it if they have the ability to do so

OL - Motivation

Learner must want to imitate behaviour, have the desire to reproduce unless the behaviour is useful or provides incentive

May be extrinsic (external factors) or intrinsic (internal factors)

OL - Reinforcement

Influences motivation to reproduce observed behaviour, increases likelihood of reproduction in future.

Through vicarious (model praised and observer sees), personal/internal (receives consequences), or external (observer praised)

8 Ways of Learning Framework

• Story sharing

• Learning maps

• Non-verbal

• Symbols & images

• Land links

• Non-linear approach

• Deconstruct & reconstruct

• Community links

Memory

• Info processing system that actively receives, organises, stores & recovers info. Not passive

• Encoding - converts sensory info into a usable form to be processed. Must pay attention to happen

• Storage - retention of info in memory stores

• Retrieval - locating & recovering stored info so we are consciously aware of it. Relies on right cues to retrieve right info

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

• Multiple levels to memory

• 3 independent stores that function simultaneously

• Store varies in role, capacity & duration

Sensory Memory

• Initial register for incoming sensory info. You must pay attention for it to be processed

• Unlimited capacity

• 0.2 - 4 seconds duration

• Filters unnecessary info out to prevent being overwhelmed

• Info held long enough to decide importance. If important transferred to STM

• Stores info long enough to overlap so we perceive word as continuous

Short-term memory

• Info has been attended to & transferred to STM. Not in raw form but encoded. Info is conscious & actively manipulated so it can be retained to be used

• 7 plus or minus 2 items capacity

• 12 - 30 seconds duration

• Once in STM, encoded info can be manipulated. STM retrieves info from LTM and compares it

Forgetting

• Over capacity - displacement. New items added and old items pushed out of STM. Chunking involves grouping items together to form larger single info e.g. phone number digits

• Over duration - decay. If info not manipulated after 30 secs, it fades and is lost. Rehearsal is when info is consciously manipulated to be kept in STM for longer.

Maintenance rehearsal

Info repeated out loud or in head to preserve in STM. Info can be kept in STM for as long as you repeat & not interrupted

Elaborative rehearsal

Meaning given to info & associations made with info in LTM

Long-term memory

• Relatively permanent memory system that holds info for an extended period. When transferred to LTM, undergoes further encoding according to meaning, becomes unconscious. Prevents being overwhelmed

• Unlimited capacity

• Permanent duration

• Info organised semantically, meaning encoded rather than sensory info. Info organised by meaning