migartion identifty and sovereignty ENQ1

Advantages of the globalisation of the UK premier league football

• changed te structure of the of the top - flight English football

  English Premier league is the richest football league in the world -

- the wealthiest clubs pay the highest salaries A global league has emerged Over seas players bring more skill, talent

• Promotes equality

• promotes tourism

• More people watching, brings more money, more able to bring in deals with TV companies for matches to be broadcasted

• Football kits increasing in expense because bigger names promote a club

E.g Michael Essen of Chelsea bought his paresnt a house in Accra (in Ghana )

E.g Dwight Yorke form Manchester funded education projects in his home town to Tobago - this is known as muscel drain, African clubs are particularly affected and lose all theri most valuable players

Disadvantages of the globalisation of the English football premier league

• Poor performance of the English national team in recent international football tournaments r

• English players not getting as many opportunities - lower wages and often playing in lower leagues

• More remittances,, so money is being sent back to other countires

• High demand for tickets means fans often can’t afford to go

• Muscel drain

Definition of asylum seeker

• People who have migrated but have to yet be granted refugee status by the host country

Refugee

People who leave theri home because they have suffered or fear they will suffer persecution due to their race, religion, nationality or political opinions. Some also move following a natural isaster

Irregular migrant

• someone who enters a country illegally without valid visa or permit or who has overstayed the duration of a visa or its been cancelled

Patterns of migration - UK examples of internationl immigrants

• the common wealth - in 1945, labour shortages led to the governments to advertise jobs overseas. Afro - Caribbean migrants moved over ad are known as the wind rush generation

• The EU - following the Maastricht agreements in 1992, economic migration to the UK increased and has helped fill many labour shortages. (Influenced UKs decisions to leave the EU)

• In Europe 2014 - 17 saw a huge increase in immigration from NOrht Africa and the middel east such as Syria

• In the middel east many labourers moved form India, Bangladesh and Pakistan to Quatar to help build infrastructure of its 2022 World Cup. Many also moved to Dubai to support rapid modernisation

Migration within china

• how many people; lived in rural areas in 1980

• How had this figure fallen by 2018

• 80%

• 49% - due to the open door policy and gloabl shift of manufacturing

What is the Hukou system

• in 1950s after the communist revolution, a household registration (hukou) system was set up, which was designed to keep people in rural areas. If someone from a rural area wants to move to a city (and change their official residence), they must buy a permit, which is expensive. Most permits are only temporary. Permanent permits are usually only given to those with higher education or who have family members in the place they are moving to

What are criticisms of the Hukou system

• denies access to health care, housing, education

• Public transport is overwhelmed during holidays when workers return home

What is the SChengen Agreement

• took effect in 1995

• Abolished internal border controls in the EU

• This enabled passport - free movement for citizens within the Origen countries

• The yellow countries are no n - EU members whihc are part of the Schengen Agreement

What are teh benefits of teh Schengen agreemtn

• Migrant workers can travel easily between the 26 Schengen countries without having any documents checked

• tourists can also travel without checks

• Goods can travel between cuntires within the Schengen international borders

• Employers are able to take on workers form other Schengen countires without document checks

Problems with the Schengen Agreement

• without corner checks criminals or terrorists can travel freely between all 26 countries; makes it difficult from police or counter - terrorists forces to know where to know where people are

• Illegal grants arriving in one country can easily travel through all other countries. This is how many illegal migrants arrivng in Europe though Spain or Italy are able to travel to Calais or other ports on the English Channel

What is the lee model of migration

often called the push-pull model,

explains migration through factors at the origin, destination, and obstacles between them. It posits that migrants leave due to negative push factors (e.g., poverty, conflict) and are attracted by positive pull factors (e.g., jobs, safety),

Environemtal factors causing migration

• climate change has impacted some areas along it harder to earn an income from the land

• Sea level rise (storm surges) i low lying coastal land areas

• Migration from Kiribati New Zealand is already occurring end will increase

• Droughts - less access to food especially if communities rely on substitute farming

What is the neo liberalism theory

There of globalisation is based on economic freedoms - know as liberalism Involves:

• trade liberalism

• Re- regulation of financial markets ( removing subsidiaries and tarrifs)

• Open borders

Neoclassical economic theory

Wage differences led migration from low to hihg wage

Dual labour market theory

Pull factors in developed countries bring migrants to fill low skilled jobs as home population dont want to do them

Relative deprivation theory

Income differences, successful migrants can afford better schooling and quality of life.

National identity

Refers to a national feeling of being a cohesive whole, which sometimes rises above other identities (eg. Scottish Nationalism).

• But common beliefs of values can vary over time, in intensity or by age group.

• Migration also affects identity, as different cultures enter a country

Sovereignty

The authority of a state to govern

Assimilation

The gradual integration of an immigrant group into the lifestyle and culture of the host country

An example of the extent to which migrants assimilate varies between countries

In South Africa three decades of equal rights since the abolition of the apartheid have hardly altered its ethnic segregation

What is the apartheid

Then forced segregation of people by skin color or ethnicity, this policy was used in South Africa between 1948 - 1991

What is an ethnic enclave

Concentrations of particular communities also known as ghettos

What are the challenges to national identity

• growth rate is sowing as countries and average age increases, which mean that in the future their could be labour shortages

• The world bank and the IMF reported in 2015 that developed counties are experiencing ageing population and slower population growth

• World fertility rates are declining

• In 1950 32% of th worlds population lived in developed countries

What does maximum economic efficiency suggest

• there dshuld be deregulation of the financial markets, free trade and open borders for movement of workers

• People should move freely to meet skilled labour needs, minimise wage inflation

How has the Schengen agreement improved economic efficiency and migration

• Due to modern transport and communications, globalisation has increased migration within and between wealthier nations

• The EU has a single market based on the free movement of goods, capital, services and peoples between its 28 member states

• according to a 2010 study by oxford university: eu migrants accounted for 35% of the total migrant stock in the EU

How has the ethnic composition of the UK changed

• populaiton increased by 4.1 million between 2001 and 2011 due to Eastern European migration

• 89%of non-UK born populaiton were proficient in the English language

Two contrasting opinions on migration

72% of the UK public supported admitting more doctors and nurses from other countries

• however 77% of the public believe migration should be reduced

Why have many labourers from India, Pakistan and Balngeldesh moved to Quatar recently

• need for construction workers for manual labour e.g construction to build their mega - projects (building stadium for the World Cup in 2022)

One difference between migration policies in Japan and India

• Japan focuses on giving migrants short term stays by making it hard to achieve long term residency

Explain why immigration can cuase political tension

• immigration can disrupt communities (in Japan they are homogenous due to the lack of immigration whihc creates harmony and co-operation between those living in the country)

• They believe immigrants may disrupt this - only 1 in 7 Japanese support the idea of increasing migration

Define economic sovereignty

The right of a nation to make its own economic decisions without interference form other nations

Give a criticism of the United Nations

National disputes can spill over into UN policy, e.g Syria, the US backed rebel groups; sanctions against Bosnia were not forceful to solve the issue

Give a criticism of the United Nations

National disputes can spill over into UN policy, e.g Syria, the US backed rebel groups; sanctions against Bosnia were not forceful to solve the issue

What are the British values

• democracy

• The rule of law

• Individual liberty

• Mutual respect and tolerance

National identity case study - English country side

• Lots of people after the Industrial Revolution identified the country side as an image for timeless and unchanging England - used on recruitment posters for the war. Since Industrial Revolution the English country side has held a central place in the idea of being English

• Green belt regulations were put inot t=place to preserve the country side

• This is changing due to increased migration and globalisation - green belt regulations are being contested

Why is it hard to define national identity

Because people’s perceptrons of a country are changing

What is the role of the UN

• maintaining international peace and security

• Promoting sustainable development

• Protecting human rights

• Upholding international law

• Delivering humanitarian aid: to refugees from conflict, the sick from epidemics like Ebola and victims of natural disasters like famine, drought and earthquakes

Examples of the work the UN has carried out

• 1946: children’s fun’s established

• 1974: food conference to eradicate hunger and malnutrition

• 1987 - Montreal protocol to protect te ozone layer

Example of hwo the UN used economic sanctions

A suspicions that Iran was attempting to build nuclear weapons lead to financial restrictions by the UN. At5 the time Iran was the worlds largest oil - exporting country and influenced global oil prices through OPEC(irans annual GDP fell by 5%)

Bosnia direct military involvement

• In 1993 allgations that Bosnia forces were ethnic cleaning agaisnt Muslims

• UN designated a safe zone in Screbrenica, a small town. Protected by a small force of Dutch UN peace

UNCLOS is an agreement defining rights of oceans. Outline one critisizim of UNCLOS

The agreement allows countries freedom to use oceans which mean they may not protect it. UNCLOS is in direct conflict with WTO rules, for example.e Pakistans fish stocks began to fall after joining the WTO as Indian trawlers were allowed to fish there

Explain how CHiquita has affected Guatemalan national identity

The US fruit company bought 75% Guatemala and replaced small subsdinecen farms with waged plantations. It built roads, railways, power stations and ports - whic aided economic growth, health care and education were provided

In 2016 how much money did foreign companies spend in buying car companies

Over $100 billion

Why is it difficult to recognise goos made in Britain

• be made by British companies under foreign ownership

• Consists f parts made abroad but assembled in the UK

What is media plurality

The ownership of several forms of media by the same company

What are the negative of media plurality

Companies (e.g sky) can have too much power, can cause risks t national security, financial stability

Negative of a British company being bought by another country

-it the bussiness isn’t uk owned it may be more at risk from cuts or closure if the company faces difficulties

• profits may go abroad instead of staying in the uk

• Bussiness taxes are paid overseas instead of in the UK

• For national pride

Capitalist theory and its strength

Capitalism is a system of private ownership and new ideas are encouraged, creating new firms, new owners and new capital

• dynamism - the ability to change regardless of economic conditions and replace older, outdated bussiness

Example of capitalism in eat Asia

Economies grew fastest when opened up to global markets, recent slower growth in countries such as India is being linked to state intervention and protectionism, including large subsidies

Westernisation - retailing

• the American model from retail is the mall - enclosed, air conditioned and clean. Most are characterised by global brands. And look similar. Indoor shopping centres (e.g Westfield) have changed the nature and identity of towns and cities

Westernisation - Disney

In china, Shanghai, a Disney land has opened. A Chinese - themed learning centres teaching children to speak English. Disney promotes a distinctive view of the broader benefits of Western capitalism. It targets the middle classes in India and China, many whom see western brands as symbols of economic success and social mobility.

What percentage of new build homes in prime London location were sold to overseas purchasers

70%

What is the QIA

• Quatars sovereign wealth fund. It invests inot other economic sectors, in order to secure a sustainable future

How has Quatar spread its impact in other countires

• in the UK it owns more than 12% of the Barclays Bank and is the largest shareholder in Sainsbury’s

• In Germany it owns more then 17% of Volkswagen

• In India it has recently invested millions in real estate

• It has plans to invest billions in Chinese and US assets