AP Psychology -

(Unit 5A PowerPoint #1 - Stress) Stress and Health

• What is STRESS?

• Stress is the process by which we perceive & respond to certain events (called stressors), that we appraise as threatening or challenging

  • stress is not a state of being but a process → has a start/end (can only be sympathetically driven for so long before the parasympathetic NS calms you down)

(Unit 5A PowerPoint #1 - Stress) Stress & Health

• What is HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY?

• studies the impact of psychological, behavioral & cultural factors on health & wellness → interactions b/w thoughts, behaviors, and cultural factors

• Health psychology involves the contribution of psychology to behavioral medicine

(Unit 5A PowerPoint #1 - Stress) Stress & Health

• What is PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY?

• branch of health psych

• more stressed/pessimistic → more likely to get sick (compromises immune system)

  • if you’re stressed and sitting next to someone w/ flu → more likely to contract

(Unit 5A PowerPoint #1 - Stress) Stress & Health

• What is stress linked to?

• Stress is linked with mood (harder to be in a good mood when you’re stressed)

• Stress is linked with depression

(Unit 5A PowerPoint #1 - Stress) Stress & Health

• What is BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE?

• Behavioral medicine integrates what we know of human behavior and medicine to better understand health and disease

(Unit 5A PowerPoint #1 - Stress) Stress Response

• Explain CANNON’S FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT RESPONSE.

• SYMPATHETIC NS: heart rate increases, increased breathing, etc.

  • stress activates SNS

• Hypothalamus and pituitary control cortisol released from adrenal cortex (adrenaline/epinephrine = stress hormones)

(Unit 5A PowerPoint #1 - Stress) Stress Response

• Explain gender and stress.

• men/women don’t cope w/ stress the same

• Men → WITHDRAWAL (less healthy)

  • Ex> go to room, close your door after failing test

• Women → “TEND AND BEFRIEND” (Shelley Taylor)

  • Ex> vent w/ parents after failing test

(Unit 5A PowerPoint #1 - Stress) Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

• What is SELYE’S GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME (GAS)?

• How do you adapt/deal w/ stress?

• Phase 1: Alarm Reaction (mobilize resources)

  • freaking out

  • adrenaline/cortisol released

  • SNS is active to prepare for fight or flight response

  • Ex> see bear chasing you; panicking when you hear the new of the pop quic

• Phase 2: Resistance (cope with stressor)

  • Fight

  • actively cope/deal w/ the stress

  • Ex> run from bear; study a lot / look through notes

• Phase 3: Exhaustion (reserves depleted)

  • Literally exhausted

  • HR/BP ↓, respiratory rate ↓

  • parasympathetic NS brings back to homeostasis

  • Ex> too tired to run more; HR can’t beat as fast, falling asleep while studying → test is DONE

(Unit 5A PowerPoint #1 - Stress) Sources of Stress (Stressors)

• Explain the sources.

• Catastrophes (→ PTSD = Post Traumatic Stress Disorder?)

  • Ex> mass shooting @ Chick-Fil-A, child survived but w/ trauma

  • war, seeing loved ones die

• Change

  • Holmes and Rahe and the SRRS

  • Observations?

  • getting married, college, new baby, new job (stressors can be + / -)

• Pressure: need to “step it up”

  • parents, living up to expectations

  • friends, coaches, yourself

• Frustration: being prevented from reaching goal

  • keep trying (practicing, study) but can’t get the result you want

• Conflict: simultaneous existence of incompatible demands/goals (Lewin)

  • 3 conflicts that led to stress…

    • Approach-approach → good/positive

    • Approach-avoidance → negative

    • Avoidance-avoidance

(Unit 5A PowerPoint #1 - Stress) Conflict Examples

• What is APPROACH-APPROACH?

• picking b/w 2 +/good/exciting options → win-win

• Ex>

  • Annabel really wants to go to Cancun for vacation, but she also wants to go to Denver on vacation!

  • Annabel was accepted to both Ramapo and Rutgers! Where should she go?!

(Unit 5A PowerPoint #1 - Stress) Conflict Examples

• What is APPROACH-AVOIDANCE?

• making a certain situation w/ pros/cons → win-lose

• Ex> Michelangelo received a job offer in Dallas. If he accepts the job, he will have to move far away from family and friends, but will make more money. What should he do?

(Unit 5A PowerPoint #1 - Stress) Conflict Examples

• What is AVOIDANCE-AVOIDANCE?

• picking the lesser of 2 evils → lose-lose

• Ex> Shaq has a tooth ache. Shaq also hates the dentist. He must decide between the “lesser of two evils”

(Unit 5A PowerPoint #1 - Stress) Stress and Health

• Explain “Type A” vs. “Type B” (Friedman and Rosenman).

• Type A: reactive, competitive, impatient, motivated, aggressive and easily angered — susceptible to Chronic Heart Disease (CHD) → likes to be in control (internal locus of control)

• Type B: easy going, mellow — much less susceptible to CHD

(Unit 5A PowerPoint #1 - Stress) Stress and Health

• What is the correlation between PESSIMISM and DEPRESSION?

• Pessimism (seeing the glass half empty instead of half full) makes you twice as likely to develop CHD!

• Depression also increases CHD risk

(Unit 5A PowerPoint #1 - Stress) Stress and Health

• What is PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY (PNI)?

• Studies relationship between nervous, endocrine and immune systems

• Correlations:

  • Stress and AIDS

  • Stress and cancer

(Unit 5A PowerPoint #1 - Stress) Anger Management

• What is CATHARSIS?

• emotional release → letting out emotions diminishes stress

• Ex> screaming @ parents

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) What is Abnormality?

• What are the 4 categories that define abnormality?

1. Atypical (Derivation from Average): → not average/typical

   1. Problem is that not all rare behaviors (e.g.) genius are abnormal

2. Socially unacceptable (Deviation from Ideal): → do people in society look favorably on this

   1. Problem is that norms change over time and people do not agree on “ideal behavior”

3. Distressing to others (Subjective Discomfort):

   1. Problem is that people may not be feeling stress about their bizarre behaviors

4. Dysfunction → difficulty functioning in daily life

   1. Problem is that this definition does not consider personal choice

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) What is Abnormality?

• What are the 4 categories that define abnormality?

  • EXAMPLE

• Johnny is 7 and his mom is troubled by his behavior. She takes him to a clinical psychologist!

1. ATYPICAL: Johnny comes home and traps/tortures squirrels in his backyard.

2. SOCIALLY UNACCEPTABLE: Torturing squirrels is not socially acceptable.

3. DISTRESSING: Johnny, mom, neighbors

4. DYSFUNCTION: Johnny daydreams in school about squirrels, won’t do HW, no friends

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) Mental Illness and the Law

• What is INSANITY?

• Legal term for mentally disturbed people who are not considered responsible for their criminal actions → client doesn’t know difference b/w right/wrong so can’t be tried b/c wasn’t in sane state (if you please insanity successfully → mental hospital)

  • becoming hard to do so w/ tests today to see if you’re faking it

  • only used in court room

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) Mental Illness and the Law

• What is COMPETENCY?

• Is the individual fit to stand trial?

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) Historical Views of Psychological Disorders

• Explain the history of the MIDDLE AGES. What happens if you’re not “normal”?

• exorcism → Christian practice

• trepanning → hole in brain for fresh air

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) Historical Views of Psychological Disorders

• Enlightenment and the Triumph of Human Rights: ALL PEOPLE HAVE RIGHTS!

  • Who is PHILIPPE PINEL?

• Used more humane approaches to treating patients in France.

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) Historical Views of Psychological Disorders

• Enlightenment and the Triumph of Human Rights: ALL PEOPLE HAVE RIGHTS!

  • Who is DOROTHEA DIX?

• Brought these humane ideas about mental healthcare to the U.S.

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) Classifying Psychological Disorders

• What is the DSM?

• Describes more than 300 specific mental disorders and is used by most professionals → constantly updated (disorders added/taken out)

  • DSM: First edition published in 1952

  • DSM-II: Revised in 1968 to reflect changing culture

  • DSM-III: Revised in 1977 to describe mental disorders in greater detail → homosexuality was a disorder until this version

  • DSM-III-R: clarified and updated DSM-III

  • DSM-IV: Published in 1994 with revisions

  • DSM-IV-TR: Released in 2000, text revision

  • DSM-5: Released 2013 — current version

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) Prevalence of Psychological Disorders

• What are the most common family of disorders?

• Anxiety Disorders

• Mood Disorders

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) A thought experiment…

• There are two humans. Each comes across a tiger in the wild. One human sees the danger posed by the tiger as a possibility. One human sees the danger posed by the tiger as a reality/definite. Which human is more likely to survive?

• definite → more likely to spring into action by activation of SNS (causes you to feel a sense of urgency w/ definite outcome b/w of adrenaline)

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) Adrenaline

• Explain the effects of ADRENALINE.

• Causes possibilities about the future to feel real

  • A little adrenaline is good!

• Adrenaline → I’m going to fail the math test on Friday. (so… you start studying)

• No adrenaline → It’s possible I could fail the math test. It’s also possible I could get a 100% or any other grade.

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) Anxiety Disorders

• What is ANXIETY?

• A group of disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety and related maladaptive behaviors (behavior that is not healthy for you or society).

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) Anxiety Disorders: Panic Disorder

• What is PANIC DISORDER?

• Recurrent panic attacks in which the person experiences intense terror without cause

  • peoples’ behaviors don’t always correspond with thoughts

• Person if often left with fear of having another panic attack

• Can lead (comorbid) to agoraphobia

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) Anxiety Disorders: Panic Disorder

• What does it mean for 2 disorders to be COMORBID?

• if you’re diagnosed w/ one disorder, there’s an increased likelihood to be diagnosed with another disorder

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) Anxiety Disorders: Panic Disorder / Anxiety Disorders: Phobic Disorders

• What is AGORAPHOBIA?

• Intense fear of crowds and public places or other situations that require separation from source of security, such as the home (worried about having panic attacks in public where everyone can see)

  • can be in social settings w/o being in public (your home)

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) Anxiety Disorders: Causes

• What are the causes?

• Conditioning: whenever you became anxious, your parents positively reinforced the behavior by babying you, so you learned to respond a certain way → BEHAVIORAL

• Feelings of not being in control can lead to anxiety → COGNITIVE

• Preparedness: evolved to be afraid of danger b/c it’s evolutionarily beneficial (easier to develop certain phobias b/c it’s beneficial to be afraid of snakes, roller coasters, etc.) → EVOLUTIONARY

• Displacement or repression of unacceptable thoughts

  • we have defense mechanisms → PSYCHOANALYTIC

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) Anxiety Disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

• What is GAD?

• Prolonged vague but intense fears not attached to any particular object or circumstance

• Often results from Free-Floating Anxiety

• Difficult to treat!

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) Anxiety Disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

• What is FREE-FLOATING ANXIETY?

• there is not one, singular pinpoint/concrete cause, making it harder to treat

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) Anxiety Disorders: Phobic Disorders

• What are PHOBIC DISORDERS?

• Intense fear of specific situations or objects

  • irrational fears (ex. your house has been robbed 5x so you fear burglary → not irrational b/c it’s based on facts that your town is unsafe)

• Specific Phobias

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) Anxiety Disorders: Phobic Disorders

• What is SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER?

• Excessive fear of social situations

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) So Many Phobias…

• Some are culture-specific or use EXPOSURE THERAPY (which needs consent). Here are some of the phobias…

(Unit 5B - Part 1 - Psychological Disorders) Anxiety Disorders: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

• What is OCD?

• Driven to disturbing thoughts (obsessions → unwanted repetitive thoughts) and/or performing senseless rituals (compulsions → repetitive behavior driven by obsession)

• Ex> germs → only first bumping (no handshaking)

• Individual recognize behavior is excessive but cannot stop without experiencing anxiety.