body systems and cells structure

circulatory system

Transports gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide), nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.

what consits of the circulatory system?

heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries

arteries

carry blood away from the heart

veins

carry blood to the heart

Capillaries

tiny blood vessels for exchange

digestive system

Breaks down and absorbs food for nutrient acquisition

what consists of the digestive system?

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs

mouth

where digestion begins, salivary enzymes

stomach

acid, enzymes

small intestine

villi and microvilli for nutrient absorption

large intestine

water reabsorption

anus

waste expulsion

what are the accessory organs?

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

endocrine system

Produces and secretes hormones that act as messengers to regulate various bodily functions

what does the endocrine system consist of?

glands that secrete hormones

excretory system

eliminates metabolic wastes

what does the excretory system consist of?

liver, skin, and lungs

liver

produces bile & urea

lungs

exhaling carbon dioxide

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

kidneys

waste removal from blood, contain nephrons

pancreas

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood

Integumentary System

Protection from external damage, temperature regulation, prevention of water loss.

what does the integumentary system consist of?

skin, hair, nails, & sebaceous glands

epidermis

Outer layer of skin, 1st layer

dermis

middle layer of skin, 2nd layer

hypodermis

loose connective tissue layer of skin, 3rd layer

sebaceous glands

secrete oil

Lymphatic and Immune System

Collects, filters, and returns lymph to the blood; aids in immune function by protecting against pathogens

what does the lymphatic system consist of?

Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils, bone marrow. Includes white blood cells

white blood cells

fight infection, produce antibodies

red blood cells

carry oxygen, erythrocytes

Muscular System

Enables movement by interacting with the skeletal system

skeletal muscle tissue

striated and voluntary movement

smooth muscle tissue

involuntary, non-striated

right atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body

left atrium

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

right ventricle

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

left ventricle

pumps oxygenated blood to the body

nervous system

processes sensory information, and executes motor responses

central nervous system (CNS)

primary control center for the body by processing sensory information and directing motor responses

what does the CNS consist of?

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

transmits sensory information, and regulates involuntary functions, controls voluntary muscle movements

what does the PNS consist of?

nerves throughout the body

neurons

nerve cells

glia cells

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

specialized cells:

Neurons and glia (essential for communication)

nephron

filtering units of the kidney that remove wastes from the blood and produce urine

Oligodendrocytes

Form myelin sheath in CNS

gonads

ovaries and testes (sex glands)

Ovaries

produce eggs

testes

produce sperm

respiratory system

Facilitates intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide.

what does the respiratory system consist of?

trachea, bronchi, alveoli, lungs

trachea

Allows air to pass to and from lungs

alveoli

tiny air sacs in the lungs, where gas exchange with capillaries occurs.

skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

axial skeleton

protecting vital organs like the brain, spinal cord, and heart while providing attachment points for muscles that move the head, neck, and trunk

appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton