Chronic Hepatitis and Related Disorders

Flashcards for review on hepatitis, its causes, symptoms, complications, diagnostic studies, and nursing care.

What is hepatitis?

Inflammation of the liver.

What are the common causes of hepatitis?

Viral infections, alcohol, medications, chemicals, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic abnormalities.

Which virus is most commonly associated with acute liver failure?

Hepatitis A Virus (HAV).

How is Hepatitis A transmitted?

Fecal-oral route, often due to poor hygiene or contaminated food/water.

What types of hepatitis exist?

A, B, C, D, and E.

What is a significant characteristic of Hepatitis B ?

It can be either acute or chronic.

What group of people is at higher risk for Hepatitis B infection?

At-risk populations include those with unprotected sex practices, household contacts of infected, and patients undergoing hemodialysis.

What is the main risk factor for Hepatitis C virus transmission?

IV drug use and high-risk sexual behaviors.

How long can chronic hepatitis C remain asymptomatic?

15-20 years before symptoms of advanced disease appear.

What major complications can arise from hepatitis infections?

Acute liver failure, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.

What happens during the acute phase of hepatitis?

There is maximal infectivity, with symptoms appearing during incubation.

What are common symptoms during the acute phase of hepatitis?

Anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, fatigue, and RUQ tenderness.

What is the convalescent phase following hepatitis?

Begins as jaundice fades, lasts weeks to months with symptoms like fatigue and hepatomegaly.

What is a potential treatment for acute hepatitis A ?

No specific treatment; prevention through vaccination.

What is the vaccination status for hepatitis B ?

Vaccination reduces incidence and should be given in a series of three injections.

Which tests are used for diagnosing hepatitis infections?

Specific antigen and antibody tests, liver function tests, and liver biopsy.

What is Cirrhosis?

A late-stage scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases.

What is hepatic encephalopathy?

A condition caused by the liver's inability to remove toxins, resulting in neurologic, psychiatric, and motor disturbances.

What dietary changes are recommended for hepatitis patients?

A well-balanced diet with adequate calories, and vitamin supplements.

What role does nursing assessment play in hepatitis care?

It includes evaluating subjective data like IV drug and alcohol abuse and objective signs like jaundice and abnormal lab values.

What is the significance of low albumin levels in hepatitis patients?

It reduces plasma oncotic pressure, leading to ascites.

What types of clinical manifestations are observed in chronic hepatitis?

Anemia, coagulation problems, and skin manifestations.

Which hepatitis virus is most likely to become chronic?

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV).

What are the key components of interprofessional care for hepatitis?

Adequate nutrition, rest, avoiding alcohol and drugs detoxified by the liver, and notifying contacts.

What is post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis A and B?

HAV vaccine and immune globulin for Hepatitis A; vaccine and HBIG for Hepatitis B.

What is the relationship between hepatitis A and vaccination?

Vaccination significantly reduces the incidence of Hepatitis A.

What are some common laboratory findings in hepatitis patients?

Elevated liver enzymes and abnormal PT-INR values.

What nursing intervention is important for alleviating fatigue in hepatitis patients?

Providing comfort measures and promoting adequate nutrition.

What is the importance of follow-up testing for hepatitis C?

No post-exposure prophylaxis available; screening is essential for those at risk.

How does ascites develop in patients with liver disease?

Due to low albumin levels causing reduced plasma oncotic pressure.

What is the major nursing consideration during the acute care of hepatitis patients?

Assess for jaundice and provide comfort measures.

What key factor determines the need for medication in acute hepatitis B?

Only if the infection is severe.

What are some supportive medications for acute hepatitis C?

Antihistamines and antiemetics.

What are the symptoms of chronic infection with hepatitis C?

Liver damage and cancer, often asymptomatic in initial phases.

What is the typical duration of the acute phase of hepatitis?

1-6 months.

How does hepatomegaly present physically?

As an enlarged liver, detectable on examination.

What adverse effects can result from antiviral therapy for hepatitis?

Potential flu-like symptoms and depression.

What is the primary preventive measure for Hepatitis C?

No vaccine; prevention through screening and safe practices.

What is the role of patient education in hepatitis care?

Medication education, self-care strategies, and follow-up instructions.

What should be included in the transitional plan of care for hepatitis patients?

Medication education and self-care strategies.

Why is it crucial to avoid alcohol during hepatitis treatment?

Alcohol can exacerbate liver damage and complicate recovery.