B. Research methods in Developmental Psychology and Ethical Considerations

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence (APA)

Treat people in ways that benefit them. Do not cause suffering. Conduct research that will benefit society. Take care to do no harm, minimize harm

Fidelity and Responsibility (APA)

Establish relationships of trusts, upholding professional standards of conduct, cooperate with other professionals if

needed to serve the best interests of the client, and strive to contribute their professional time, compensated or not.

Integrity (APA)

promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness

Justice (APA)

Fairness and justice to all person to access and benefit from the contributions of psychology

Respect for People's Rights and Dignity (APA)

Respect the dignity and worth of all people by exercising their rights to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination

I. Respect for the Dignity of Persons and Peoples (PAP)

Respect for all human beings, diversity, culture,

beliefs, free and informed consent, privacy, fairness, and

justice

II. Competent Caring for the Well-being of Persons and Peoples (PAP)

Working for their benefit and do no harm

III. Integrity (PAP)

- Honesty, truthfulness, open and accurate communication

- Appropriate professional boundaries, multiple

relationships, and conflicts of interest

IV. Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society (PAP)

- contributing knowledge about human behavior

- conducting affairs within society with highest

ethical standards

Informed consent is required which includes

✓ Purpose of the research

✓ Duration and procedures

✓ Right to decline and withdraw

✓ Consequences of declining or withdrawing

✓ Potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects

✓ Benefits

✓ Limits of confidentiality

✓ Incentives for participation

✓ Researcher's contact information

True or False. Researchers who study vulnerable population should

obtain informed consent both from the individual and

guardian

True

True or False. Statement 1 Do not seek individual's assent, provide an explanation, consider their best interest, and Statement 2 obtain permission from their guardians—appropriately document written or oral

consent, permission or assent

1. False, must seek 2. True

True or False. Permission for recording images or vices are needed unless the research consists of solely naturalistic observations in public places, or research designed

includes deception

True

Consent must be obtained during..

Debriefing

Dispense or Omitting Informed consent only when:

1. Research would not create distress or harm

2. Permitted by law

True or False. Study of normal educational practices conducted in an educational settings

▪ Anonymous questionnaires, naturalistic

observation, archival research

▪ Confidentiality is protected

True

True or False. I. Avoid offering excessive incentives for research participation that could coerce participation

II. Conduct study that involves deception unless

they have justified the use of deceptive techniques in

the study

1. True 2. False- Do not. Must be discussed as early as possible and not during the conclusion of data collection

True or False. They must give opportunity to the participants about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research

and make sure that there are no misconceptions about

the research

True

True or False. I. Must ensure the safety and minimize the discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animal subjects II. If so, procedures must be justified and be as

minimal as possible

III. During termination, they must do it rapidly and minimize the pain

All correct.

I. Must present portions of another's work or data as their own. II. Must take responsibility and credit, including authorship credit, only for work they have actually performed or to which they have substantially contributed III. Faculty advisors discuss publication credit with

students as early as possible IV. After publishing, they should withhold data from other competent professionals who intends to reanalyze the data and V. Shared data must be used only for the declared purpose

1. False, should not present 2. True 3. True, 4. False, should withhold 5. True

True or false. Researchers who study cultural influences on

development or racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic

differences in development must work hard to keep their own cultural values from biasing their

perceptions of other groups

True

one's group is superior than the other group

Ethnocentrism

True or False. I. Do not conduct studies that involves deception unless deceptive techniques are justified II. If ever, deception must be explained as early as

feasible during the conclusion of the participation

and participants have the right to withdraw if they

want to do so

True

Basic Research Designs

Descriptive, case study, ethnographic study, correlational study, experiment, quasi experiment

Descriptive basic research design

Aims to observe and record behavior

Case study

Study of a certain individual or group. Useful in rare cases, offers useful and in-depth information. Can explore sources of behavior, test treatments, and suggest directions for further research. Cannot easily generalized to other population. Cannot make strong causal statements. Low external validity.

Ethnographic studies basic research design

Seek to describe the pattern of relationships, customs, technology, arts and traditions that make up a society's way of life. Case study of the culture. Open to observer bias. Help overcome cultural biases in theory and research. Debunks the logic of western developed theories can be universally applied

correlational study

Determine whether a correlation exist between variables, phenomena that change or vary among people or can be varied for purposes of research, it is also a study of the relationship between one variable and another without manipulation. No random assignment. Lack of control over extraneous variables. Cannot establish causation. Used to study many important issue that cannot be studies experimentally for ethical reasons. Can study multiple influences operating in natural settings. With high external validity

experiment

controlled procedure which the experiment manipulated variables to learn how one affects another

- Establish cause-and-effect

- Permit replication

- Manipulation

- Could encounter ethical issues

- Can be artificial

High internal validity

quasi-experiment

Natural experiment comparing accidentally assigned groups by circumstances of life. Actually, a correlational study

Differentiate cross sectional and longitudinal studies

Both developmental research designs.

Cross Sectional

- children of different ages are assessed at ONE point

of time

- more economical

- no cases of attrition (dropping out of the study) or

repeated testing (practice effect)

- individual differences and trajectories may be

obscured

- results can be affected by differing experiences of

people born at different times

Longitudinal

- study the SAME GROUP or PERSON more than

once, or even years apart

- can track individual patterns of continuity and change

- time-consuming and expensive

- repeated testing could result to practice effect

- attrition could be a problem

- turnover of research personnel, loss of funding, or the

development of new measures or methodologies

Sequential

- data are collected on successive cross-sectional or

longitudinal samples

- track people of different ages over time

- allows researchers to separate age-related change

from cohort effects and provides more complete picture

of development

- drawbacks: time, effort and complexity

- requires large number of participants and collection

and analysis of huge amounts of data over a period of

years

Cohort Effects:

important because they can powerfully affect the dependent measures in a study ostensibly concerned with age