PSY 220 Final Exam

Which glial cell(s) make myelin sheathes?

Oligodendrocytes

h of The following function(s) is carried out by microglia?

Attack invaders in the CNS

A neuron with many nerve fibers arising from its cell body and that carries impulses away from the brain would be classified as ___.

Multipolar and motor

Which statement correctly describes how the concentration and electrical gradients act on potassium when the neuron is at rest?

The concentration gradient moves potassium out, and the electrical gradient moves it in.

The resting potential is advantageous because 

the cell is ready to produce an action potential quickly following a stimulus

The following is one way of stating the all-or-none law

All stimuli that exceed the threshold produce equivalent amplitude responses in the axon

The following is a direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal?

Voltage-gated calcium channels open

An electrical synapse:

Is a direct connection of channels between neurons that allow the flow of ions across their membranes

The movement of which ion would cause an IPSP?

Chloride

 Which of the following patterns of post-synaptic excitation will most likely result in an action potential?

Rapid sequence of EPSPs

What does a transporter protein do at a synapse?

It pumps used neurotransmitter molecules back into the presynaptic neuron

Which of the following about neurotransmitters is FALSE?

Neurotransmitters must move inside of neurons to exert their effects

Drugs that slow down, inhibit, or depress the central nervous system are classified as depressants and include:

alcohol, barbiturates, and opioids

Which is an example of a second messenger?

A chemical released inside a cell after stimulation of a metabotropic receptor

What is the difference between the dorsal and ventral regions of the spinal cord?

The dorsal roots contain sensory input, and the ventral roots contain motor output

The somatic nervous system contains nerves that control:

Skeletal muscles

Which sense is controlled by the inferior colliculi, part of the midbrain auditory pathway?

hearing

  This precentral gyrus (located right in front (anterior) of the central sulcus) that is important for physical activities, like walking, is also called:

Primary motor cortex

 The hypothalamus is involved in:

Eating, drinking, sleep, temperature regulation

   How many pairs of spinal nerves do humans have?

31

Astrocytes

Synchronize neural activity

Microglia

removing waste

Radial gila

guiding the migration of neurons

Involved in multiple sclerosis

oligodendrocytes

The depicted neuron is

Multipolar

Identify the parts of the depicted neuron

1. dendrite

2. nucleus

3. axon

4. axon terminal

5. cell body

Ion concentrations inside/outside the cell membrane are an active force that determines the membrane potential

False

The sodium-potassium pump is an  active force that determines the membrane potential

True

Membrane permeability is a passive force that determines the membrane potential

True

What does the X axis represent and what are its units? (You need to correctly select 2 of the choices below to receive full credit)

Time, miliseconds

What does the Y axis represent and what are its units? (You need to correctly select 2 of the choices below to receive full credit)

membrane potential, mV

What is the general membrane resting potential in mV?

-70mV

What is the is the point at which depolarization results in an action potential (dotted green line)? 

threshold

Postsynaptic receptors can be ______ or _______

ionotropic and metabotropic

The circled arrowhead indicates the _____ of the action potential

peak

The ________ is denoted by a

absolute refractory period

True or false: During a, sodium channels are open

Flase

The ________ is denoted b

Relative refractory period

True or false: During b, sodium channels are open

False

During b, potassium channels are open

True

Action potentials only travel in one direction in normally functioning neurons. This occurs because:

Na+ channels are inactivated when K+ channels are open

Graded potentials occur as ______ and ______ potentials

excitatory; inhibitory

Graded potentials can undergo ________ and/or ______

spatial and temporal

Graded potentials differ from action potentials in that they do NOT

Have a constant amplitude

An action potential is propagated over the presynaptic membrane. Depolarization of the presynaptic terminal leads to an influx of _____. ions This causes _______ to fuse to the presynaptic membrane and release neurotransmitters into the _________ where they bind to postsynaptic receptors and allow the influx of _______ that cause an excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic membrane potential in the postsynaptic neuron.

Calcium; synaptic vesicles; synaptic cleft, ions

Laith wants to increase the amount of serotonin in his brain and believes that he can do so by altering his diet. Choose two dietary choices he could make that would help him achieve this goal.

fish and turkey

Ionotropic receptor causes their effect via second messengers.

False

Antagonists are drugs that have

increased affinity and decreased efficacy

Agonists are drugs that have

increased affinity and efficacy 

Cocaine is a direct antagonist

False

Opioids are direct agonists

True

What are the three mechanisms by which neurotransmitters are removed

Reuptake, degradation, diffusion

Is disrupted by cocaine to increase synaptic dopamine levels

reuptake

Which part of the autonomic nervous system would be responsible for a person’s increased heartrate, sweating, and nausea?

sympathetic 

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems comprise the autonomic PNS and control voluntary actions (true/false)

False

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems regulate pupil size and heart rate (true/false)

True

What is the hindbrain composed of?

Medulla, pons, cerebellum

Identify the 4 lobes of the brain.

A) frontal

B) parietal

c) occipital

d) temporal

Identify the orientation plane of images 1-3 (left to right).

1) horizontal 2) sagittal 3) coronal

Melatoninis secreted from the _____ with peak levels occurring ____

pineal glands; at night

What I the study of how environmental experiences contribute to the expression of genes

Epigenetics

Two methods used to manipulate neuronal activity are optogentics and _____

Chemogenetics

Which of the following does a PET scan measure?

Changes in brain activity using radiation e.g detect areas that are using the greatest amount of glucose

Optogenetics is used for which purpose?

To control the activity of a group of neurons

Electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography both do what?

Record brain activity from devices on the scalp

Muscle spindle

respond to muscle stretch & cause a contraction

Golgi tendon organ

responds to muscle tension & acts as a brake

In the knee-jerk, the quadricep is _____, while the hamstring is ______

Contracted, convulsed

The posterior parietal cortex when damaged can lead to

trouble finding objects in space

The pyramidal system is composed of the following brain areas:

primary motor cortex and non-primary motor cortex

Parkinson Disease is due to the degeneration (dying) of ______ Neurons in the ________

dopamine ; substantial nigra

What tract controls the movement of hands

lateral corticospinal

What hemisphere controls the movement of the left limbs

right

Current treatment options for this condition from the list below

Deep brain stimulation and COMT inhibitors

Which muscle type(s) is primarily responsible for voluntary movement?

Skeletal muscle

The neuromuscular junction is a synapse where a motor neuron axon terminal branch and a muscle fiber meet and use the neurotransmitter, ______, to cause muscle contraction.

Acetylcholine

A _________ is a section of DNA that codes for making a protein

gene

When Sperry cut the optic nerve of newts, axons grew back to their original target.

True

An axon finds its target by following a chemical trail.

True

Why is visual acuity highest at the fovea?

Because cones are concentrated at the fovea and show a 1:1 convergence onto bipolar cells

As we progress from bipolar cells and ganglion cells to later cells in the visual system (simple cells, complex cells, etc.), what happens to the size of receptive fields?

They become larger

Which of the following is TRUE about rods?

Have low acuity

A complex cell in the visual cortex:

Responds maximally when a line is moving, providing it is in the correct orientation

The structural organization of the visual cortex that is sensitive to particular angles of bars of light is called a:

Orientation column

Sarah knows an apple is sitting on the table. However, when she tries to grab the apple, she missed several times before she could actually grab the apple. She likely has brain damage in the 

The parietal cortex

Sound is amplified by what part of the ear?

Ossicles

Movement of the jellylike substance in the semicircular canals of the vestibular system activates the ________.

Hair cells

Which cortical region is associated with the emotional aspects of touch?

Insular cortex

Which of the following is most correct for how the brain represents touch, temperature, and other aspects of somatic sensation?

Different kinds of sensation are handled in different parts of the somatosensory cortex

Nerve fibers of the somatosensory systems conveying touch decussate (cross to contralateral side) at the level of the _______, 

Medulla

The sense of deep pressure is due to ______. 

Pacinian corpuscles 

Which types of taste receptors use G-protein coupled signaling to depolarize the neuron to threshold?

Sweet, bitter, and umami

Which is NOT a mechanically gated receptor?

Both photoreceptor and olfactory receptor

Which of the sensory systems is the only one that can synapse directly to the primary cortex rather than having to pass through the thalamus?

Olfactory system

Name the five cells of the retina numbered in image. Which direction is the light is the light coming from?

 

1) Photorceptors

2) horizontal cell

3) bipolar cell

4) amacrine cell

5) ganglion cell

Light is coming from the left

A receptive field is a property of sensory neurons. In the visual system, it is ...

the portion of the visual field that excites or inhibits a specific cell

Parasol ganglion cells have high convergence AND smaller receptive fields than midget ganglion cells (true/false)

False

The process where connected neurons modulate the activity of other neurons to enable the perception of contrast is

lateral inhibition

Photoreceptors ______ and ________ cells inhibit _________ cells to create contrast

activate, horizontal, bipolar

Correctly order the parts of the auditory system for sound transduction from sound waves entering the ear to processing acoustic information by the brain

Tympanic membrane —> Ossicles —> hair cells —> cochlear nucleus —> inferior colliculus —-> medial geniculate nucleus