MGMT 382 Exam 2

data

facts, text, graphics, images, sound, video

information

data processed to be useful in decision making

metadata

data that describes data

inaccessible dormant data

operational data may not be queryable

incompatable dormant data

legacy systems may not be compatible with newer tools

uninterpreted dormant data

simply lost, unknown, or unaddressed data

database

an organized collection of logically related data

databased management system

a data storage and retrieval system which permits data to be stored non-redundantly while making it appear to the user as if the data is well-integrated

relational databases

data is stored in multiple, related tabs

Data has to conform to a pre-defined schema

SQL

non-relational databases

doesn’t have to conform to a pre-defined schema

no SQL

entity

an abstract concept representing a type of thing you want to store information about

entity instance

one specific occurrence of that entity

attributes

defines an entity

indentifiers

keys

helps people understand which data point you are talking about

primary key

an attribute or attributes that uniquely identify individual instances of an entity type

candidate key

any attribute that could be a primary key

relationships

how entities act upon each other or are associated with each other

foreign key

a primary key from one table that appears in a related table in order to link the two

one-to-one relationship

each entity in the relationship will have exactly one related entity

one-to-many relationship

an entity on one side of the relationship can have many related entities, but an entity on the other side will have a maximum of one related entity

many-to-many relationship

entities on both sides of the relationship can have many related entities on the other side

conditional/situational cardinality constraints

the minimum number of instances of one entity that must be associated with each instance of another

entity-relationship diagram (ERD)

a graphical representation of relational databases

Brick & Mortar

a traditional street side business that deals with its customers face to face in an office or a store that the businesses own or rent

e-commerce

the buying and selling of goods online and the related businesses that facilitate it

accelerated and enhanced by information technology

the long tail

selling a large number of niche products that individually have low demand but collectively generally significant revenue, enabled by digital platforms and data-driven strategies

pareto principle

80% of sales comes from 20% products/customers

the law of the few

click & order

web presence only

click & mortar

both physical and web presence

digital pure play

products that can be digitalized and distributed without physical appearance

B2C

numerous payments for small amounts

B2B

aggregated payments for large amounts

digital transformation

the strategic use of digital technologies to fundamentally change how an organization operates, creates value, adn competes

operational processes

analyze, optimize, and automate workflows

customer experience

personalize and connect across channels

business models

create new value propositions

organize culture

upskilling and agility

infrastructure

provides scalable essential services and functionality

connectivity

connects people, objects, and systems to enable real-time data exchange

intelligence

converts decision making from art to science

virtualization

saves time and cost in modeling and testing

inversion

shifts value creation from inside to outside the firm

network effects

exist when the value of a good depends on the number of users adopting it

direct network effects

those pertaining to users on the same side of a network

indirect network effects

those pertaining to users on the other side of a network

platform

multi-sided markets and businesses

“PAPA”
four ethical issues of the information age

Privacy

Accuracy

Property

Accessibility

misinformation

false information that is spread, regardless of intent to mislead

disinformation

deliberately misleading false information that is spread

identity theft

the forging of someone’s identity for the purpose of fraud

phishing

sending official-looking correspondence for the purpose of identity theft (usually email)

smishing

using text messages for the purpose of identity theft

pharming

using an official-looking website for the purpose of identity theft

snooping

monitoring someone’s digital activity, can be legal and necessary

can be invasive and unethical

key loggers/trappers

record everything you type

screen capture programs

take screenshots of your activity

packet sniffers

monitor data traveling over a network

log analysis tools

track what users did

cookie

a small file that contains information about you and your Web activities, which a Web site you visit places on your computer

first-party cookies

created by the site you visit

third-party cookies

created by other companies than the website you’re visiting (usually advertisers)

trojan horse software

software you don’t want, hidden inside software you do want

adware

shows unwanted ads

spyware

secretly tracks you

spam

unsolicited email

confidentiality

information is accessible only by those authorized

authenticity

information really comes from its claimed source

integrity

information has not been altered

availability

service/resource is available when it is supposed to be

firewall

a hardware or software device that permits or denies network traffic based on security policy

intrusion detection/prevention system (IDS/IPS)

a device that watches network traffic for intrusion attempts and reports them

IDS

detects suspicious activity

IPS

detects and blocks suspicious activity

encryption

scrambling communication in such a way that only the intended recipient can unscramble it

copyright

protects the expression of an idea

patent

protects novel and useful inventions, and in some cases, ideas

software piracy

the unauthorized use, duplication, distribution, or sale of copyrighted software

computer virus

software that is written with malicious intent to cause annoyance or damage

benign virus

display a message on screen; slow down computer

malicious virus

corrupts or destroys a specific application or a set of file types

worm

a type of virus that spreads itself, not just from file to file, but from computer to computer via e-mail and other Internet traffic

denial-of-service attack

a type of computer attach that floods a server or network with so many requests for service that it slows down or crashes

black-hat hackers

bad people out to snoop, steal, destroy, or harm

white-hat hackers

good people paid to find vulnerabilities

hacktivists

philosophically or politically motivated hackers, often defacing websites in protest

script kiddies/bunnies

non-hacker bad people who use pre-written hacking code from the internet

crackers

bad people paid by other companies to engage in corporate espionage

cyberterrorists

really bad people out to harm or destroy

ransomware

a type of malicious software attack that denies access to a user’s system and data, demanding a payment to regain access

artificial intelligence

a field of science concerned with building computers and machines that reason, learn, and act in such a way that would normally require human intelligence