AP THEORY 2

Olfactory nerve (I)

sense of smell

Optic nerve (II)

vision

Oculomotor nerve (III)

eye movements

Trochlear nerve (IV)

intorsion of the eye (down n out direction)

Trigeminal nerve (V)

control of chewing muscles

Abducens nerve (VI)

eye abduction (lateral direction)

Facial nerve (VII)

facial expression

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

balance and hearing

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

swallowing and mediate taste

Vagus nerve (X)

autonamtic functions of organs

Accessory nerve (XI)

neck and shoulder movements

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

tongue movements

Adrenal medulla secrete […]

Catecholamines (Adrenaline & Noradrenaline)

Adrenaline causes [..]

bronchodilation, gluconeogenesis

Noradrenaline causes […]

peripheral vasoconstriction

Pheochromocytoma

Adrenal medulla tumor, hypersecretion of Catecholamines

Zona glomerulosa secretes […]

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)

Aldosterone’s function

regulate electrolytes (sodium, potassium) and water balance

Zona fasciculata secretes […]

Cortisol (glucocorticoids)

Cortisol’s function

• resist stress

• keep blood sugar constant

Zona reticularis secretes […]

Androgens (gonadocorticoids)

Androgens’ function

puberty, growth spurt, sex drive, secondary sex characteristics

Conn’s syndrome

hypersecretion of Aldosterone

Cushing’s syndrome

hypersecretion of Cortisol

Androgenital syndrome

hypersecretion of androgens

Goitres

enlarged thyroid due to iodine deficiency

Hypothyroidism

low T3, T4

Myxoedema

hypothyroidism in adults

Cretinism

hypothyroidism in children

Grave’s disease

autoimmune to trigger T3,T4 release continuously

Hyperthyroidism

excess T3,T4 often caused by Grave’s disease

PTH (parathyroid hormone) effects

increase blood calcium levels

Calcitonin

decrease blood calcium levels

RAAS system’s function

increase BP

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)’s function

decrease BP

Renin is secreted from […]

the kidneys

Angiotensin is secreted from […]

the liver

Renin converts […]

Angiotensinogen → Angiotensin I

ACE enzyme is secreted from […]

lungs

ACE enzyme converts […]

Angiotensin I → Angiotensin II

Angiotensin II stimulates […]

Aldosterone secretion

Acinar cells’s function

produce pancreatic juice for digestion

Islet of Langerhans’ function

produce pancreatic hormones

Alpha cells (pancreas) secrete […]

Glucagon → increase blood glucose

Beta cells (pancreas) secrete […]

Insulin → decrease blood glucose

Delta cells secrete […]

GHIH → inhibit growth hormone and intestinal hormones

F cells secrete […]

pancreatic polypeptide → regulate appetite

‘Fed state’ after eating

Increase blood glucose
→ Beta cells → Insulin
→ glucose uptake

‘Hungry state’ before eating

Decrease blood glucose
→ Alpha cells → glucagon
→ Glycogen into glucose

Type 1 diabetes cause

damaged beta cells → hyposecretion of insulin

Type 1 diabetes effect

rapid high blood glucose

Type 2 diabetes cause

hypoactivity of insulin → resistance

Type 2 diabetes effect

blood glucose remains high

Glycosuria

sugar in urine

Polyuria

excessive volumes of urine → dehydration

Polydipsia

excessive thirst

Polyphagia

excess hunger

Pineal gland’s function

secrete Melatonin to maintain rhythmic circadian variations

Suprachiasmatic nucleus’ function

inhibit Melatonin during day-time

Paraventricular nucleus’ function

stimulate Pineal gland to release Melatonin during night-time

Thymus function

a gland that trains T cells for immune system

Heart secrete […]

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Placenta secretes […]

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

hCG’s function

maintain corpus luterum and promote placental development