Semester 2 Final Exam Review: Cardiovascular, Nervous, Digestive, and Reproductive Systems

A vocabulary review covering anatomical structures, physiological processes, and homeostatic imbalances across the cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, and reproductive systems based on the semester 2 final exam guide.

Vena Cava

The starting point for the pathway of blood through the heart, specifically in its inferior and superior forms.

Aorta

The blood vessel that marks the end of the blood's pathway through the heart, including its descending portion.

Pericardium

One of the four distinct layers or linings of the heart, along with the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

Arteries

A type of blood vessel to be differentiated from veins and capilliaries.

Veins

Blood vessels that maintain proper blood flow under conditions of low pressure.

Capilliaries

A specialized type of blood vessel distinct from arteries and veins.

Tunica Intima

The innermost of the three layers of a blood vessel.

Tunica Media

The middle layer of a blood vessel, located between the intima and adventitia.

Tunica Adventitia

The outermost layer of a blood vessel.

Plasma

The liquid component of blood with a specific chemical makeup.

Albumin

A specific type of blood protein.

Globlulin

A specific protein found within the blood.

Fibrinogen

A protein in the blood to be identified by its specific role.

Leukocytes

A category of blood cells that includes neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosiniphils, and basophils.

Erythrocytes

Blood cells containing heme groups used to hold onto oxygen.

Thrombocytes

A specific type of blood cell distinct from leukocytes and erythrocytes.

Heme group

The part of an erythrocyte responsible for holding oxygen.

Eosiniphils

A specific type of leukocyte.

Hematopoiesis

The process of blood cell formation.

Thrombus

A type of blood clot or blockage to be differentiated from an embolus.

Embolus

A type of cardiovascular imbalance to be contrasted with a thrombus.

Homeostasis

A state in the body maintained through the interaction of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Central Nervous System

One of the two main divisions of the nervous system, distinct from the peripheral nervous system.

Myelin

An insulating substance in the nervous system that plays a critical role in electrical signaling.

Pons

A specific part of the brain located near the medulla and midbrain.

Medulla

A functional part of the brain mentioned alongside the midbrain and hypothalamus.

Pituitary gland

A part of the brain to be studied for its specific function.

Dura Mater

One of the three meningeal layers, including the Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater.

Sympathetic Nervous System

A division of the nervous system to be compared with the parasympathetic nervous system.

Multiple Sclerosis

A disease affecting the nervous system.

Duodenum

The first of the four listed components of the small intestine.

Ilium

One of the segments of the small intestine, listed alongside the duodenum and jejunum.

Mesentery

A structure associated with the anatomy of the small intestine.

Cecum

The first part of the large intestine.

GERD

A disease of the digestive system.

PKU

A specific metabolic disease of the digestive system.

Semen

The fluid in the male reproductive system whose composition supports sperm survival.

Parturition

The biological process of childbirth, occurring in three distinct stages.

Placenta Previa

A specific homeostatic imbalance that can occur in the reproductive system during pregnancy.

Puberty

The developmental stage characterizing the transition of the reproductive system.