Human Anatomy Exam 3

Stimuli

sensory information

sensation

 conscious awareness of stimuli

transduction

conversion of raw data into impulses

perception

brain assigning meaning to what was sensed

sensory receptors

what senses stimuli

general senses

temp, pain, touch, stretch, pressure

special senses

gustation, olfaction, vision, equillibrium, hearing

chemoreceptors

detect specific molecules dissolved in fluid/chemicals mixed w/solvent we can sense

thermoreceptors

change in temp

photoreceptors

change in intensity, color, position of light

mechanoreceptors

touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

baroreceptors

type of mechanoreceptor; pressure changes within body structures

nociceptors

painful stimuli

phantom pain

sensation assoc. w/part of body that has been removed

referred pain

Impulses from certain viscera are perceived as originating not from the organ, but from skin (pain felt in a diff part of the body diff from the originating place)

gustation

sense of taste

gustatory cells

taste receptors housed in specialized organs called taste buds

tastants

gustatory cells detect tastants

taste sensation

sweet,salty,sour,bitter,umami

pathway of gustation

gustatory cells (taste buds) → facial n/glossopharyngeal n → insula

olfactory epithelium

lines superior nasal cavity

odorants

dissolved in mucus of nasal cavity

olfactory tract

a=neurons within olfactory bulb

olfactory pathway

olfactory n → olfactory bulb → olfactory tract → temporal lobe

extrinsic muscles

muscles outside eye

lacrimal pathway

lacrimal glands → lacrimal canaliculi → lacrimal sacs → nasolacrimal ducts

anterior cavity

contains circulating aqueous humor

posterior cavity

contains permanent vitreous humor

Optic pathway

cornea → anterior cavity → (pupil) → lens (change shape) → posterior cavity → retina (photoreceptors) → optic nerve → optic chiasm → optic tract → optic radiation → occipital lobe

glaucoma

too much aqueous humor/not released fast enough - increasing innereye pressure

nearsightedness (myopia)

inability to focus on objects far away because eyeball is too long

hyperopia (farsightedness)

inability to focus on objects close because eyeball is too short

cataracts

clouding of the lens

diabetic retinopathy

small unstable blood vessels develop in the eye

strabismus

malignment of eye due to unequal strengths between left/right extrinsic muscles

list three parts of external ear

auricle, external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane

auricle

funnel shape to get sound waves and lead into ear canal

external auditory meatus

outer opening of ear canal

tympanic membrane

vibrates sound waves making them larger

external ear

evrything to eardrum

middle ear

ossicles

auditory tube

connects middle ear to nasopharynx

auditory ossicles

small bones transmitting sound waves to inner ear

inner ear

structures of equillibrium

cochlea

hearing

uticle/saccule

static equillibrium (motionless/moving in one plane)

semicircular ducts

angular movement (shaking head)

crista ampullaris

elevated region of ampulla covered by an epithelium of cells

soundwave pathway

auricle/pinna → external auditory meatus → tympanic membrane →malleus → incus → stapes → oval window → cochlea (cochlear duct → spiral organ) → cochlear branch/nerve → vestibulocochlear nerve → temporal lobe

tinnitus

ringing in ears

conductive hearing loss

fluid buildup in middle ear infterefering w/soundwaves/conduction interruption

otitis

ear infection (externa, media, interna)

endocrine glands

secrete and often produce hormones

hormones

secreted into the blood then make way to receptors for that specific hormone

feedback loop

hormone secretion regulate by self adjusting mechanism

negative feedback

pushes levels to baseline

positive feedback

pushes levels away form baseline

hypothalamic control of endocrine

regulatory hormones are secreted that control release of anterior pituatary hormones; releasing and inhibiting hormones

infundibulum/pituitary stalk

connection between pituitary gland and hypothalamus

hyposecretion

not enough secretion

hypersecretion

too much secretion

isthmus

midline of thyroid connecting both lobes

what is the purpose of blood

transporting, regulatiing, protecting

erythrocites

red blood cells, make up 42% of body, only in blood vessels, transport respitory gases, 120 day life cycle, contain hemoglobin

what % of erythrocytes are present in the body

42%

rouleau

lined up single file erythrocytes as they pass through small blood vessels

anemia

erythrocyte disorder in which there is below normal oxygen carrying capacity is interrupted

polycythemia

high number of erythrocytes

hemolytic anemia

erythrocytes are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can produce themsi

sickle cell disease

erythrocites are shaped like sickles/crescents - catching onto eachother causing blockage

buffy coat

less than 1% if white blood cells + plateletes

what is the purpose of platelets

blood clotting

thrombosus

blood clotting that negatively affects flow of blood

leukocytes

white blood cells,produce immune responses against pathogens, possess a nucleus and organelles, 5 types

granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

neutrophils

type of granulocytes; first to appear @ infection → phagocyitize bacteria (eat)

eosinophils

type of granulocytes; protect against infections by parastitic worm (increase in # of allergic reactions)

basophils

type of granulocyte; release histamines in damaged tissue → vascular dialation; release heparin

aragnulocytes

lymphocyteds, monocytes

lymphocytes

agranulocytes; kill infected cells/cancer cells

t lymphocytes

in thymus, kill infected cells

b lymphocytes

produce antibodies against specific antigens and deactify toxins

monocytes

agranulocytes; travel and phagocytotic

leukemia

cancer that causes overproduction of abnormal leukocytes

hematocrit

% of volume of all formed elements in the blood

hemeopoiesis/hematopoieses

productiuon of formed elements (blood)

systemic circulation

takes blood 2 and from system

pulmonary circulation

horozontal - takes dyoxygenated blood to lungs and oxygenated blood back

arteries

always carry blood AWAY from heart

capillaries

thin wall vessels/exchange of substance

veins

take blood back to the heart

venules

small veins

anastomosis

convergence of 2 or more vessels

tunica inttima

blood vessel tunic; layer intimately connected to the blood

tunica media

circulatory arranged smooth muscle → vasoconstriction

tunica externa

outer connective tissue; anchor blood vessel to surroundings

artery vs vein

arterry away, vein toward, arteries have higher blood pressure, veins lower

what r the three types of arteries

elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles

elastic arteries

largest, walls contain elastic fiber, most r near the heart. 

muscular arteries

medium sized arteries, have thicker tunica media w/mult layers of smooth muscle tissue