Food Animal Growth and Development Exam 5

True or False: Endocrine glands release their secretions through ducts into target tissues.

False

True or False: The nervous system typically acts faster than the endocrine system, which has more prolonged effects.

True

True or False: Neuroendocrine tissues contain both neuronal and endocrine cell types that function in an integrated manner.

True

True or False: Steroid hormones are stored in secretory vesicles prior to release.

False

True or False: Peptide hormones are synthesized through gene expression and are generally hydrophilic.

True

True or False: Catecholamines and thyroid hormones are both classified as amine hormones, but they differ in solubility.

True

True or False: Lipophilic hormones typically circulate freely in the bloodstream without binding proteins.

False

True or False: Hydrophilic hormones exert their effects primarily through intracellular nuclear receptors.

False

Which of the following are lipophilic hormones or features associated with them?

A) Steroid hormone

B) Thyroid hormones

C) Circulate bound to carrier proteins

D) Act via cell surface receptors

E) Not Stored prior to release

ABCE

A researcher observes that Tissue A responds strongly to very low concentrations of a hormone, while Tissue B only responds at much higher concentrations, despite both tissues being exposed to the same hormone levels.

Which of the following mechanisms could explain this difference?

A) Tissue A has a higher number of hormone receptors.

B) Tissue A has receptors with a higher binding affinity for the hormone.

C) Tissue B has increased expression of intracellular signaling inhibitors.

D) Tissue B has more efficient second messenger amplification.

E) Tissue A has a lower EC50 compared to Tissue B

F) Tissue B has increased expression of carrier proteins in circulation.

ABCE

True or False: The anterior pituitary directly produces cortisol in response to stress.

False

True or False: In the neuroendocrine axes, the hypothalamus releases hormones that act through the portal system to regulate the anterior pituitary.

True

True or False: Somatostatin stimulates growth hormone release from the anterior pituitary.

False

True or False: Catecholamines primarily act through nuclear receptors to regulate gene transcription.

False

True or False: Glucocorticoids generally promote muscle accretion and bone strengthening under chronic exposure.

False

True or False: The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones, while the adrenal medulla produces catecholamines.

True

True or False: T4 is the most biologically active thyroid hormone in target tissues.

False

True or False: Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism can both negatively impact bone strength.

True

True or False: growth hormone promotes growth primarily through IGF-1 produced by the liver.

True

True or False: Testosterone is anabolic in muscle and bone but catabolic in adipose tissue.

True

Which of the following changes are most consistent with chronic stress/high levels of glucocorticoids?

A) Increased muscle mass

B) Increased circulating glucose

C) Reduced bone density

D) redistribution of adipose tissue

E) increased immune function

BCD

Which of the following physiological changes would most likely improve feed efficiency and lean muscle yield in production animals?

A) Increased growth hormone and IGF-1 signaling

B) Chronic elevation of glucocorticoids

C) Moderate thyroid hormone activity (euthyroid state)

D) Increased testosterone levels

E) Acute catecholamine release during stress

ACD

True or False: Two animals consuming the same diet will always have identical growth if their nutrient intake is equal.

False

True or False: Increasing dietary energy density is one of the primary drivers of a higher plane of nutrition.

True

True or False: Maintenance energy requirements include processes such as thermoregulation and cardiac function but exclude immune responses.

False

True or False: An animal in a neutral energy balance is still actively using nutrients for maintenance processes.

True

True or False: Energy lost as heat during metabolism contributes to the net energy available for production.

False

True or False: Animals under environmental stress (e.g. high temperature) may require more energy even without increased growth.

True

True or False: Post-weaning growth lag is primarily due to improved diet quality transitioning from milk to solid feed.

False

True or False: Prenatal undernutrition can permanently alter postnatal growth patterns and body composition.

true

True or False: Negative energy balance results in tissue gain because maintenance needs are prioritized.

False

During early lactation, which changes are most likely?

A) Shift from growth to milk production

B) Decrease in metabolic demand

C) Mobilization of body reserves

D) Increased priority of adipose storage over milk

AC

Which scenarios would most likely increase fat deposition relative to muscle?

A) Excess energy intake beyond requirements

B) Early developmental stage

C) Reduced muscle growth rate

D) Late-stage growth phase

ACD