AP Human Vocab

Spatial perspective

Looking at where things happen and why.

Scale

Level of analysis (local, national, global).

Diffusion

Spread of ideas/culture.

Relocation diffusion

Spread through movement of people.

Hierarchical diffusion

Spread from important places/people downward.

Cultural landscape

Visible human impact on land.

GIS

Mapping technology using data.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Stages of population change.

Population density

Number of people in an area.

Arithmetic density

Total people ÷ total land.

Physiological density

People ÷ arable land.

Carrying capacity

Max population an environment can support.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average children per woman.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Infant deaths per 1,000 births.

Life expectancy

Average lifespan.

Push factors

Reasons people leave.

Pull factors

Reasons people move somewhere.

Refugee

Forced to flee country.

Asylum seeker

Requesting protection in another country.

Culture traits

Individual cultural elements.

Cultural diffusion

Spread of culture.

Acculturation

Adopting another culture’s traits.

Assimilation

Losing original culture.

Lingua franca

Common shared language.

Ethnic religion

Tied to one ethnic group.

Universalizing religion

Open to everyone.

Folk culture

Small, traditional groups.

Popular culture

Widespread mainstream culture.

Nation

People with shared identity.

State

Country with sovereignty.

Nation-state

Nation and state match.

Sovereignty

Ability to govern itself.

Boundary

Political border.

Centripetal force

Unites a country.

Centrifugal force

Divides a country.

Devolution

Power moves from central government to regions.

Supranationalism

Countries cooperate (EU example).

Subsistence agriculture

Farming for personal use.

Commercial agriculture

Farming for profit.

Intensive agriculture

Lots of labor on small land.

Extensive agriculture

Large land, less labor.

Green Revolution

New farming technology increased yields.

Crop rotation

Changing crops to protect soil.

Von Thünen Model

Land use around a city.

Urbanization

Growth of cities.

Suburbanization

Movement to suburbs.

Gentrification

Wealthier people move into poor urban areas.

Redlining

Discriminatory housing policy.

Infrastructure

Basic systems like roads/water.

Megacity

City over 10 million people.

Primate city

Dominant city in a country.

GDP

Value of goods/services produced.

GNI

Income earned by citizens/businesses.

HDI

Human Development Index.

Outsourcing

Jobs moved elsewhere.

Industrialization

Shift to manufacturing.

Globalization

Increasing world connections.

Core countries

Wealthy developed countries.

Periphery countries

Poorer less developed countries.

Semi-periphery

In between.

Demographic Transition Model

A model representing stages of population change.

Von Thünen Model

A model of land use around a city.

Rostow’s Stages of Development

Model describing stages of economic growth.

Burgess Urban Model

Model of urban land use.

Hoyt Sector Model

Urban land use model focusing on sectors.

Multiple Nuclei Model

Model depicting multiple centers of growth in cities.

Diffusion

The spread of cultural elements.

Push vs Pull factors

Reasons for migration: why people leave vs why they move.

DTM

Demographic Transition Model stages.

Nation vs State

Nation refers to a group with shared identity; State refers to a sovereign political entity.

Agriculture types

Different methods of farming including subsistence and commercial.

Urban models

Frameworks describing the organization and land use in urban areas.

HDI/GDP/GNI

Indicators of development and economic performance.

Globalization

The process by which the world becomes more interconnected.