ch29 industrial revolution

Who was Betty Harris

a woman during the Industrial age who worked in a coal mine, the conditions were extremely harsh and she came home only to be beaten by her husband

what is industrialization

transformation from an agrarian society/cottage industries to industrial and machine economies

where did industrialization originate in Europe and why

Great Britain

1) large supply of coal

2) easy access to water transport

3) commercial centers nearby

4) lots of skilled laborers in the area

where did industrialization first originate in asia and why was it so late

Yangzi River Delta

• it was so late because the coal sources were really far from the main commercial centers

what led to the formation of large businesses during the industrial age

the expense of equipment

what features are prominent in the center of industrialization

1) high agricultural productivity → high population, well-fed → job specialization

2) rivers and canals facilitated trade and transport

3) large cities and towns: centers of banking and finance

what were the ecological problems of industrialization (2)

1) soil depletion

2) deforestation

what used to be the primary source of fuel for cooking, iron production, etc

wood, but due to deforestation it was switched to coal

what did the europeans exploit from american land

raw materials gathered from american and caribbean plantations like sugar and cotton, which couldn’t grow in british climate

what did the americas recieve from europe

it became a market for manufactured goods (cotton cloth for slaves, etc)

what raw goods went from the americas to europe

sugar, cotton, grain, timber, beef, tobacco

what did industrial expansion in England begin with

textiles: encouraged transformation of British cotton industry

What were the Calico acts of 1720 and 1721?

acts passed by the British wool companies to restrict the import and sale of cotton calico cloth

• the English became fond of cotton cloth from India called Calicoes, and its popularity threatened to surpass British wool. so the british wool companies passed the Calico Acts to ban it. even so, consumer demand for the british cotton industry skyrocketed

who invented the “flying shuttle” used to speed up the weaving process

John Kay

who invented the “mule” used for spinning cotton

Samuel Crompton

Who invented the “powerloom” used to improve weaving, was steam-powered

Edmund Cartwright

what were the results of the technological developments in textile production

1) cheaper cloth

2) more people in the cotton business

3) greater volume of textiles

who created the steam engine, and what terms of energy were named by him

Scottish inventor James Watt

1) the “Watt” obviously

2) horsepower, energy generated by the steam engine

• did the work of numerous animals, powered by coal

what technologies were especially powerful in the textile industry

1) flying shuttle

2) mule

3) powerloom

4) steam engine

what led to more efficient iron production during the industrial era and why (2)

the British began to use coke because

1) it was cheaper than charcoal

2) could create more stronger machinery more efficiently

why did iron begin to become especially popular in the 1700s

faster and more efficient iron production led to MUCH CHEAPER iron parts for bridges, buildings, and ships

when was iron really popular? when was steel really popular?

iron was popular during the 18th century

steel became popular during the 19th century

Who was Henry Bessemer and how did he impact steel production in the 19th century

he invented a refined BLAST FURNACE that made it possible to produce steel in large quantities for cheap

• began to replace iron

What was the Rocket

Henry Bessemer’s creation that went 28 mph

Why wasn’t James Watt’s steam engine used for transportational purposes

it consumed too much coal than what was efficient

Who was George Stephenson

he built the first steam-powered locomotive, significantly aiding the railroad transportation industry

When did engines begin to be added to sailing ships, and why did it take so long to do so

the middle of the 19th century, and this took a long time because George Stephenson’s improved steam engines still burned too much coal for use at sea, so it had to be refined over many years before it could power ships

What effect did railroads and steamships have on the economy (1) and transportation (2)

1) drastically lowered transportation costs

2) linked coasts with interior mainlands

What was the protoindustrial putting-out system

entrepreneurs paid rural individuals to work on materials in their own households

• fewer than 10 people

who composed the preindustrial workforces

unskilled laborers like slaves

what was the factory system and when did begin to emerge

emerged in the late eighteenth century

• large, expensive machines that were centralized in specific factories that brought cheap laborers together

What were the causes of a supply of cheap labor? (3)

1) financial difficulties of small farmers who sold their land to large landowners

2) job decline

3) rural overpopulation

what was the division of labor system

where one worker has a single task in an assembly line, as compared to one worker completing the entire job

Who was Josiah Wedgwood

english factory owner who only expected the highest standards from his workers, punishing the works that were inferior

what were working conditions like for laborers

1) skilled workers like artisans were forced to work narrowly defined jobs that may not fit their expertise

2) depended on their employer and wages to survive

3) dramatic shift from rural work rhythms

what hours did industrial workers work

6 days a week

14 hours a day

terrible, strict conditions, unsafe

Who were the Luddites

english factory workers who rebelled against low wages by destroying textile machines

• 14 luddites were hanged as punishment

• the rebellion movement died out after this

how did the british prevent their clever industrialization ideas from getting spread

forbade the export of machinery, manufacturing techniques, and skilled workers

how did people bypass the british rules for preventing the spread of industrialization

1) kidnapped british engineers

2) smuggled out advanced machinery

Where in Western Europe/the Americas did industrialization spread to (from britain)

France, Germany, Belgium, and the U.S.

How did the French revolution and Napoleonic wars help set the stage for industrialization (2)

1) abolished internal trade barriers

2) abolished laws that discouraged technological innovation and restricted the movement of laborers

where was the earliest continental center of industrial production

belgium, where coal, iron, textile, and glass production flourished

Why was German industrialization slower than Belgian and French

there was a lot of competition between the German states

how did Germany industrialization change after German unification in 1871 under Bismarck

sped up, Bismarck’s government sponsored rapid industrialization in Germany and the development of heavy industry and business

• for example, the Krupp firm

what did the americas have for industrialization and what did they lack

Had: abundant land and natural resources

Needed: laborers and investment money

• these laorers and investment capital came from Europe

where did industrialization in america begin and what industry was it

new england with the cotton textile industry

where did heavy iron and steel industries originate in the americas

pennsylvania and alabama, huge supply or iron ore and coal

what were the pros and cons of america’s great size during the industrial era

pros: lots of free land, lots of natural resources

cons: great distance for travel and communication

how did the americas import labor and investment capital

it came from europe, people often migrated to the americas and european business owners were eager to invest in businesses that made use of american natural resources

at what time was the industrial northeast and agricultural south connected by railroads

1860

who was eli whitney (2)

• inventor of the cotton gin 1793

• used machines to make interchangeable parts for firearms (that fit every musket of the same model)

  • this method was used to manufacture everything later on

  • FATHER OF MASS PRODUCTION DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

who was Henry Ford

invented the assembly line system

• included a conveyor system

• drastically decreased the amount of minutes per task

how did henry' ford’s invention in 1913 impact the the automobile world

his invention of the assembly line helped the Ford Motor Company produce ½ of the world’s automobiles in the 20th century

• because cars were so easily produced, prices dropped and millions of people were able to purchase them

what encouraged large-scale businesses

the desire to become productive enough to make enough money to pay off the expensive costs of industrial machinery and factories, especially in Europe

• goal: maximize profits

what countries laid the foundation for modern corporation (institute that controlled businesses and all their labor, land, machinery, transport costs, etc)

Britain and France

What are trusts and cartels and what were they used for

Large corporations formed by business firms in order to elimate business competition

• restricted markets

• established monopolies (taking over all the things in their business chain for themselves)

• controlled the supply of a product → therefore keeping prices high

who was John D. Rockefeller

he owned a monopoly called the Standard Oil Company and Trust that controlled all the oil industries in the united states, allowing them to undersell its competitors

• did this through vertical organization

What was the German IG Farben firm?

a cartel that controlled 90% of chemical production

how did the government react to monopolies

they were unwilling to confront these large businesses, allowing these monopolies to continue

what were the 3 main material benefits of industrialization *important

1) cheaper manufactured goods

2) better standards of living

3) population growth

what were the internal and external migrations that occured during the industrial age

Internal: people moving from the countryside to the city to work in industrial cities

External: European migrants crossing the Atlantic to work in the Americas

what was the british palace that was created from the riches of the industrial revolution

crystal palace

who created the vaccine for smallpox

Edward Jenner

what happened to demographics during the industrial period

death rates declined rapidly

mortality rates declined slower due to birth control (prevented pregnancy and syphilis, a dangerous venereal disease)

what percent of british population lived in big cities of 10k or more in the 1800s

20%

what percent of british population lived in big cities of 10k or more in the 1900s

75% lived in urban environments

what was the unsanitary drawback of population growth in urban cities

pollution of air and water due to fossil fuels

tainted water led to cholera, typhus, dysentery, and tuberculosis

why did the death rates exceed birth rates in urban environments

because of the pollution that caused disease that killed people

where did the wealthy people usually live in relation to urban districts and why

they usually lived in the suburbs (where it was more expensive) to get away from the pollution and overcrowding of the urban cities

where did the poor people live in relation to urban districts and why

they lived in poor housing at the center of cities, all crowded together, because that’s what they could afford

what determined the degree of comfort and security offered by city life

income

how did the government make urban places more sanitary by the late 19th century

improved water supplies, expanded sewage system, outlawed the construction of poor housing for poor workers

also built parks and recreational facilities

how many europeans migrated to the western hemisphere during the 19th and 20th centuries

50 million

why did the british move to america

to escape the urban slums and dangerous factories in England

why did the irish move to america

due to the potato famine of the 1840s

why did jews move to the americas

to escape anti-semitist persecution by russian tsars

why did slavery begin to disappear during industrialization, and who did industrial business owners prefer to hire

industrial economics didn’t favor slave labor: slaves were poor, so they couldn’t purchase consumer goods

• instead, business owners prefered to hire free wage laborers who spent their money on products, creating an economic cycle

what were the new social classes during industrialization

elite: businesspeople who were even more wealthy than aristocrats

middle class: small business owners, managers, skilled employees, teachers

working class: factory and mine workers, less skilled than artisans

how was family life impacted by industrial revolution

instead of staying at home to work together like in cottage industries, family members left their homes everyday for 14 hours, leading to seperated lives

how did work ethic improve during the industrial age

men became on time to work, read books, attended lectures, were moral and respectable

what was “Holy Monday”

workers took the monday off to give them a longer time off from work on sundays

what did working class men usually do in their leisure time

sporting events, pubs and bars

• discouraged by upper classes

how were women’s jobs affected during the industrial revolution

they used to be able to work at home and raise children, but when work moved out of the home, they were forced to stay home as housewives

why were working class women still forced to work

to make up for their husband’s short wages

where did working class women work usually

domestic services (as servants, even moving out of their home in search for work), or textiles (because they had small fingers)

what are labor saving devices

designed to reduce human physical effort and time spent on tasks

what was responsible for women’s elimination from the workforce

labor-saving devices, they replaced the jobs women had done

• like the spinning jenny or powerloom replaced weavers

how were middle class women expected to act

they were expected to stay at home and conform to the new social norms, focusing on domestic responsibilities and children

why was child labor abusive

it took children away from their home and made them work long hours in dangerous, abusive conditions

when did child labor get restricted and who did this, and why

1840s, british parliament

why: moral concerns, and the fact that they needed educated workers

in the long term, how did industrial society treat children

it completely removed children from the labor process altogether, as compared to protoindustrial agriculture societies where children were also expected to work

• they could now focus on education

what is socialism *important

equal wealth distribution rather than business owners stocking up their own private profit, which led to economic inequalities

• economic equality

who came up with the idea of utopian socialism, and what was it

Charles Fourier, and Robert Owen

• utopian socialism: establishing an ideal community to make an equal society

• opposed the competition aspect in a market system

how did utopian socialists (Fourier, specifically) attempt to spread their ideas

through model communities (where everyone loved each other and were modest)

how did socialism change by the mid-19th century

socialists advocated for bringing out a just and equitable society rather than a completely utopian one

who was Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and what did they believe

german theorists that were AGAINST utopian socialism

• believed they were unrealistic

• believed they couldn’t resolve problems of industrial era

• believed the issues were inevitable and couldn’t be fixed

• revealed the exploitive nature of the capitalist system

what were the 2 classes that Marx and Engels believed capitalists were devided into

Capitalists (control means of production): who owned machines and factories

Proletariat: wageworkers who only could provide labor

• the competition against capitalists resulted in the exploitation of the working class

what did Marx and Engels believe about capitalism and culture

they believed that culture, art, literature, and all institutions were agencies of capitalism, making capitalists more powerful over proletariats

• religion: “the opiate of the masses”

What was the Communist Manifesto

a document by Marx and Engels that argued for an overthrow of capitalists in favor of a “dictatorship of the proletariat”

• capitalism would eventually stop due to overproduction, underconsumption, and diminishing profit

what did revolutionary socialists believe they should do

they believed workers should seize control of the state, confiscate means of production (capitalists)