Exam 3 - JD

P426 Juvenile Delinquency

why would exposure to images related to offending though the media influence an idividual’s delinquency?

learning theories

control theories

labeling theories

opportunity

examples that support that exposure to violent media influences violent behavior

short-term imitation (Bobo doll)

selection effects

desensitization

varying effects of definitions (rewarded/not punished, realistic, justified)

most adolescents prefer _______ games

violent

playing violent video games is associated with…

short-term aggression

how do online games create opportunity for deviance?

cyberbullying

social media and delinquency

mixed research

increases exposure to definitions favorable to crime and delinquent peers

changes the learning context (reinforcement of definitions and behaviors)

increases opportunity

increases youth vulnerability

increase exposure to definitions favorable to crime and delinquent peers

sutherland’s differential association theory

definitions favorable to crime/definitions unfavorable to crime

pro-crime peers/anti-crime peers

influenced by priority, frequency, duration, intensity

changes the learning context (reinforcement of definitions and behavior)

likes, shares, vitality, leaderboards

algorithms favoring certain types of context

expressions of identity

trends of media and delinquency

devious licks

kia boys

gilbert goons

increases opportunity

unstructured socializations and plans for delinquent behavior

connect offenders to victims

provide means for new types of delinquency/crime

provide means for new types of crime/delinquency

cyberbullying

cyberstalking

doxxing

grooming

swatting

revenge porn

“internet banging” and realiatory violence

Desmond Patton’s research of “internet banging”

Gakirch Barnes in Chicago

grief and social media activity = retaliatory gang violence

bullying

unwanted, harmful, or aggressive behavior among school-aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance; the behavior is repeated or has the potential to be repeated

verbal, social, physical, cyber

bullying victimization

decreased academic performance, dropout

substance use

small conditional effect on violent retaliation

bullying perpetuation

substance use

delinquency

criminal convictions

IPV

social media and youth vulnerability

harmful effects on mental health

paradox of community and isolation (weakens prosocial bonds)

susceptible to radicalization and involvement (in rare but serious cases, linked to extremist violence)

social media and extremist groups

online recruitment targeting youth

spectrum of involvement

incoherent ideologies

the juvenile justice system

includes a variety of state and local institutions responding to juvenile delinquency

there is no one juvenile justice system

court-based

how court proceeding differ from criminal court

parens patriae

informal proceedings

judicial discretion

confidentiality

different purpose of punishment

punishment philosophies

retribution

incapacitation

deterrence

restoration (restitution)

rehabilitation (should target risk factors and increase protective factors)

JJS vs. CJS

crime control vs. due process

incapacitation vs. rehabilitation

1960s-1970s

formalized the JJS with a series of supreme court decisions

Kent v. US (1966)

In re Gault (1967)

In re Winship (1970)

Kent v US

1966

procedures for waivers

In re Gault

1967

due process protections

notice of charges

protection against self-incrimination

impartial hearing

In re Winship

1970

standard of proof

1980s-1990s

youth violence epidemic

moral panic

“get tough on crime” political agenda

purpose of punishment shifts to incapacitation

youth control complex

youth control complex

disproportionate impact on black and brown youth

expanded use of waivers (legislative waivers, prosecutorial waivers, judicial waivers)

sentencing structures (three strikes laws, blended sentencing, gang enhancements)

2000s turn towards rehabilitation

issus with tough on crime policies

emerging evidence on JJS policies

money

kids are different

psychosocial maturity and brain

harms of policies outweigh any “incapacitation benefits”

successful rehabilitation and prevention efforts

incapacitation costs more

diversion and community corrections

risk/needs assessment

specialized case loads

mental health courts, drug courts

raise the age initiatives

minimum age of juvenile detention/minimum age of transfer to adult court

obstacles to reform

collateral consequence of mass incarceration (economic impact, destablizing communities and families, civil rights)

net widening

youth control complex

job of the police

enforce the law and maintain order

on average, police officers spend _____ of their time dealing with ____ related matters

<20%; crime

crime fighters

apprehension agents

for most crime reported to the police, an arrest is not made

preventative role

sentinels

gatekeepers

Rios and the labeling hype

main types of contact with the police

reactive and proactive

reactive policing

calls for service

victim reports

complaints

reporting by adults

proactive policing

traffic stops

terry stops

targeted strategies

crackdowns

patrol of public places

police interactions with juveniles

most often, do not arrest the juvenile

but arrests are unevenly distributed across communities

police exercise considerable discretion when responding to youth

police likely to arrest

serious/violent offense

juvenile’s prior record

complainant pressure

juvenile’s demeanor

juvenile’s family

norms/directions of department

race, age, class, gender

police unlikely to arrest

minor offense

first complaint

can handle informally

juvenile’s demeanor

systems overwhelmed

low opinion of the court

waste of time

proactive strategies

traditional preventative patrol

crackdowns

traditional preventative patrol

most juveniles who encounter the police deal with the officer on preventative patrol

crackdowns

focused on place, crime type, or both

hot spots

zero tolerance

problem oriented

zero tolerance policing strategies

order-maintenance policing

historically associated with “tough on crime” agenda

Rios argues it is part of racialized social control

youth perceptions of police

over-policing under-policing paradox

police legitimacy

over-policing under-policing paradox

phenomenon where marginalized communities are over-policed but under-protected

police legitimacy

belief that police represent the law, they have the power/authority to enforce it, we ought to obey them

responding to the community’s concerns and observing “positive rite”

perceived racial profiling, brutality, and failure to intervene decrease legitimacy

community policing

promotes strategies to foster relationships between police, community institutions, and residents

assign officers to same community

increase time spent with residents outside of patrol

target underlying problems

involving residents and other agencies

linked to reduced crime and increased cooperation with police

operation ceasefire

used deterrence and problem-oriented policing strategies

crackdown targeting gun violence → identified gang-involved youth → multi-agency cooperation to deliver soft and hard message → reduced youth homicides

SARA

scan community to identify most pressing issues

analyze issues to identify likely causes and possible responses

respond in collaboration with residents and agencies outside law enforcement

assess progress and residents’ perceptions

crimes involving serious injury and major financial losses are…

relatively rare

theft is much more common than violence

minor theft and minor property damage most common

fatal school violence

School-Associated Violent Death Surveillance System (SAVD-SS)

includes homicide, suicide, or legal intervention on school property, the victim’s way to/from school, or at/on the way to/from a school sponsored event

shootings are…

a leading cause of death for youth ages 5-18

less than 3% of youth gun homicides occur in school-related settings

_____ of school related homicides include _______ victim, but trends are heavily influenced by _______ incidents

most; a single; multiple-victim

policy changes

fear of crime influences discipline and security in schools (“tough on crime” approaches)

Safe School Act (1994)

Gun Free Schools Act

Safe School Act

1994

schools with a “serious crime problem” eligible for funding for safety procedures

Gun Free Schools Act

schools must expel any student who brings a weapon to school at least one year

zero tolerance policies

school to prison pipeline

school experiences increased risk of later JJS or CJS involvement

failing academic performance → dropout → offending/arrest

school punishment → dropout → offending/arrest

Rios’ definition of school to prison pipeline

similarities in CJS policies and school policies create larger system of punishment and criminalization

school misbehavior → arrest

youth control complex and criminalization across institutions

material criminalization

symbolic criminalization

exclusionary discipline

closed campus policies

presence of police

impact of exclusionary discipline

academic achievement

school engagement

drop out

connectedness/teacher relationships (micro- and macro-level)

increase misconduct/offending

closed campus policies

a variety of procedures to monitor and restrict movement on school grounds, designed to prevent intruders

restricted entrances

metal detectors

sweeps

ID badge requirements

school-police partnerships

first school resources officer (SRO) programs adopted in the late 1950s

goals changed substantially in the the 1990s

designed as a community policing strategy

balance law enforcement, education, informal counselor

evidence that school police influence…

perceptions of safety (mixed)

student misconducts

school connectedness

use of exclusionary discipline

arrests

disproportionate impact of policing in schools

a substantial body of evidence supports that black and brown youth are disproportionately exposed to and affected by punitive policies in schools

evidence of disproportionate impact

minority population predicts high police presence, arrests, and use of exclusionary discipline when controlling for SES and behavior

black students more likely to be referred for discipline and receive harsher punishments compared to white students accused of the same o