Bio Final Prep: Past Exams

Which of the following will most likely not influence the size of the human population in a country?

economic exchange rates of a country

A primary reason for the increase in federal funding to the NIH budget beginning in the early 1980s was most likely due to which of the following?

The emergence of the Human disease AIDs

What is the carrying capacity of the species?

(wherever the line plateaus at the end)

An experimental study is conducted to determine whether or not 10 milligrams of the drug somatosatin can overcome the effect of dwarfism in humans. The change in height of the dwarf participants in this trial represents the?

dependent variable

An effective way to emphasize just the numerical values of raw experimental data from a clinical trial is most likely?

a table

Which of the following is most likely to be the initial step within the scientific method approach in biology?

observation of a phenomena in the natural world

The design and purpose of a scientific experiment should be to?

to falsify a hypothesis

A hypothesis that has been confirmed through repeated experimental tests over a very long time will likely be referred to as?

a theory

If a country exhibits a contraceptive use of some 85%, then one might predict that its fertility rate would be nearest to which of the following values?

2

BIO 150 is required of all college students receiving a baccalaureate degree.

You are a college student, therefore you must take BIO 150.

This is an example of what type of hypothetico-deductive scientific method?

deductive reasoning

Which of the three population pyramids below is likely to have the highest replacement level fertility is?

A (looks like a pyramid)

A primary mechanism by which cells may capture and/or transform chemical energy into cellular useable chemical energy is?

using solar energy to heat cells

In an evolutionary sense which of the individuals below is most likely to be most successful biologically?

an organism that dies after 5 days, but leaves many offspring, all who survive to reproduce

The US Repolacement Level Fertility is currently closed to which of the following values?

1.6

Of just the following observations which likely provides the strongest evidence for a common ancestry of all known cellular life?

the universality of the genetic code

The oldest established scientific society is likely which of the following?

Royal Society of London

Minerals may have played a role in molecular evolution by providing scaffolding support. Which of the following minerals may have promoted the combining of nitrogen and hydrogen into ammonia?

magnetite (from oxide)

Carl Woese used which of the following cellular molecules to provide support for a higher taxonomic order (Domain) than Kingdom?

ribosomal RNA

The scientific method involves the construction of knowledge based upon observation, testing, and measurement. Identify among the statements below the one that is NOT likely to be experimentally based

Matthis Schleiden is a better biologist than Theodore Schwann

Which of the following is NOT true of living cells?

cells can arise spontaneously without pre-existing cells

Thermophillic bacteria, which can thrive at relatively high temperatures, between 41 C and 102 C that might have been a “LUCA” (Last Universal Common Ancestor) have been shown to occur in which of the following?

around deep ocean hydrothermal vents

A hemochiral polymer molecule, such as today’s known proteins, is composed?

of only one of two possible optical isomers, as in protein

A synthetically made RNA molecule that has catalytic activity and which may be able to link two ribonucleotides together would be which of the following?

a ligase ribosome

A common form of metabolic regulation in which the accumulation of an end product can show the rate of a metabolic pathway by reducing the activity of an initial enzyme in the pathway is known as?

feedback inhibition

The type of chemical reaction shown in the diagram below is most likely a? (glucose + fructose → sucrose with a byproduct of h2o)

a condensation (dehydration) reaction

You have eaten a high protein diet for lunch today and your metabolism will breakdown those proteins into individual amino acids by which of the following type of chemical reactions?

hydrolysis reaction

According to the current biological hypothesis of life a living organism must?

should maintain an internal homeostatic environmental conditions

Living organisms capable of synthesizing all their needed organic molecules using CO2 and H2O as its sole carbon sources are classified as?

autotrophs

The geological age of the advent of mammals has been estimated to have begun between 145 and 65 million years. Which of the following techniques was used to determine this age date?

molecular clock dating of nucleic acids

The formation of the elements of the periodic table occurred by the fusion of combinations of protons and neutrons within stars. The spread of these elements in interstellar dust clouds occur?

when a star goes supernova

The metabolic enzyme pathways that catalyze many of the chemical reactions in known living cellular systems?

are similar in all known living cells

Researchers have been able to synthesize a complete synthetic DNA genome, which is fully functional when it is used to replace the DNA of another living bacterial cell?

true

All known cellular proteins found in living organisms today are made form only onme of the two possible optical isomers of amino acids. The optical isomer is?

the L-isomer (lovorotary chiral enantiomer)

Meteorites have been shown to contain which of the following?

organic molecules similar to Earth’s organic molecules

A synthetic collection of oganic molecules surrounded by a lipid membrane that differentiates inside from outside and that may over time lead to the interior gradually becoming more complex is?

referred to as a protobiont

DNA molecules are copied into RNA molecules by a molecular process referred to as?

templated polymerization

Which of the following organic molecules have been identified in meteorites and asteroids fragments that have landed on Earth?

a variety of organic molecules including amino acids, nucleic acid bases, and hydrocarbons

In order to evolve more complex molecular systems form early Earth biomolecules which of the following process would likely have had to take place?

polymerization of monomers into polymers

The currently accepted paradigm suggests that there were 4 steps or stages that contributed to the chemical evolution of life on planet Earth…

1. the packaging of these prebiotic molecule into membrane-like enclosed bodies called protobionts

2. the joining of small organic monomers into polymers

3. the abiotic synthesis of small organic monomer precursors of today’s macromolecules.

4. the origin of heredity via complementary templating molecules

What is the best likely sequence of these events from the orders shown above?

3, 2, 1, 4

The type of chemical bond shown in the figure below at label E is referred to as?

CIS geometric bond

Which of the following chemical bonds of molecules would you expect to have the weakest energy content?

hydrogen bond

In the figure shown below the highlighted area is which of the following types of molecules? (bent carbon chain)

an unsaturated fatty acid

A carbon=carbon double bond and a peptide bond?

are planar and flat and do not allow free rotation about their bond

Which of the following attributes of molecular structure is more configurationally important to a molecule’s function?

the orientation of its covalent bonds in 3D space

If radioactive deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) is added to a culture of rapidly growing bacterial cells, where in the bacterial cell would you expect to find the greatest concentration of the radioactive dTTP?

nucleoid region

The tertiary level of 3D protein structure may be stabilized by which of the following?

by electrostatic interactions within its molecular environment

Which one of the following chemical bonds is found in fats or lipids such as triacylglycerides?

ester bonds

In the figure below the protein structure depicted by the letter A (thin string) can best be described as which of the following?

an unfolded region of protein structure

In the figure shown below which letter label from A to H represents a peptide bond?

B

Which of the following substances is characteristic of “all” phospholipid molecules, but is not found in ordinary fats or lipids (such as trigylcerides)?

inorganic phosphate

peptide bond is to amino acid as ____ is to nucleic acids

phosphodiester bond

A peptide bond is shorter than a C-C bond, but longer than a C=C bond, thereby resulting it being?

a flat planar bond

The heat of vaporization of water is 540 calories per gm (mL). If a 100m speed skater in the Milano-Cortino Olympic Games sweats 500 mL during her warm-up, then how much heat does she dissipate?

270,000

A short sequence of amino acids at the N-terminus of a protein, that helps target that protein to a specific location within a cell, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, during its synthesis, is referred to as?

a signal sequence

A protein Z has 3 amino-ends (N-terminals) and 3 carbonyl-ends (C-terminals) with a total of 300 amino acids residues. Which of the following might you suggest with some certainty about protein Z?

It has quaternary structure

The lone pairs of electrons on oxygen in a water molecule?

have a partial negative charge that side of a water molecule

Proteolytic enzymes including trypsin, elastase, and chymotrypsin, which are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and have the same 3 amino acids (HIS, ASP, SER) at their active sites are known as?

the serine proteases

Which of the following common chemical functional groups when added to DNA nucleotides is known to have an effect on the expression of DNA genes?

methyl groups

Two proteins described as being polymorphic are likely ones that?

may vary in their amino acid sequences, but each has the same catalytic function

Increasing the substrate concentration in a enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following?

competitive inhibition of the enzyme

There are 7 known classes of enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions in cells. The enzyme class that breaks covalent bonds within polymeric molecules such as glycogen, proteins, and the nucleic acids by adding water to that bond is which of the following class of enzymes?

hydrolases

Select the best explanation of the effect from a single mutation that results in a single amino acid substitutions within the sequence of amino acids in an enzyme?

it may effect the shape of an enzyme and alter its rate kinetics

SOme of the drugs used to treat HIV patients are competitive inhibitors of the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme. Unfortunately, the high mutation rate of HIV genome means that the virus rapidly aquires new mutations with amino acid changes that make them resistant to these competitive inhibitors. Where in a reverse transcriptase enzyme would such amino acid changes be most likely to occur in the enzyme to foster this resistance?

in or near the active site

When one has a severe fever (104 F), which of the following serious consequences is more likely to occur, if the fever is not well controlled?

a change in the tertiary structure of some enzymes critical to metabolism

Which of the following is correct about the Gram staining of bacterial cell walls?

the peptidoglycan complexes in Gram bacteria retains the crystal violet stain

Enzyme A has a measured Km of 1.5 mg of substrate and enzyme B has a measured Km of 4.5 mg of substrate. Which enzyme, A or B, would have a better binding affinity for its own substrate

enzyme A does

Peptide bonds in proteins are in a more stable thermodynamic state when the peptide bond is?

in a TRANS configuration

The following data were collected in a study of an enzyme known to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Using this data the Km for this enzyme would be approximately closest to which of the following values?

1.3 mMol/L

Compared to the native enzyme reaction, the type of enzyme inhibition shown for this enzyme by inhibitor 2 is?

non-competitive enzyme inhibition

All of the following may be a part of a prokaryotic cell except?

a nuclear membrane

The resolving power (resolution) of a light microscope?

is 200 nm (or about the length of 10 ribosomes linked together)

What is the Vmax for the enzyme affected by inhibitor-1?

12 mg/min glucose

A scientist observes a tissue sample under the light microscope and notices that it is composed entirely of cells, all containing a nucleus and organelles. Based upon your knowledge the Cell Theory, which of the conclusions below can the scientist most reasonably draw for his observation?

the tissue is from the Domain Eukaryra

An advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that?

light microscopy allows one to view dynamic process in living cells

Of the following amino acids which one would be classified as “non-polar” by its R group?

B

To best determine the high-resolution 3D structure of biological molecules, such as nano-machinces, proteins, viruses in their native, frozen-hydrated state which of the following microscopy techniques would one use?

cryo-electron microscopy

The two primary characteristics of a microscopy are?

its magnification and resolution

Radio-CArbon dating of fossils depends primarily upon which of the following?

the half-life decay time of Carbon14