Human Anatomy & Physiology II – Final Exam Study Guide

A set of flashcards covering key terms and definitions from Human Anatomy & Physiology II, focusing on the endocrine, blood, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

Hormone

A chemical messenger secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream to regulate target cells/organs.

Gluconeogenesis

Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (proteins/fats), stimulated by cortisol.

Cortisol

A stress hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that increases blood glucose, metabolism, and has anti-inflammatory functions.

Cardinal signs of diabetes

Polyuria (urination), Polydipsia (thirst), Polyphagia (hunger).

Mineralocorticoid

A class of hormones involved in regulating sodium and water balance, with aldosterone as the most important.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Hormone that raises calcium levels in the blood.

Prolactin (PRL)

Hormone responsible for milk production.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone from the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production.

Agglutination

Clumping of blood cells; occurs with anti-A & anti-B, indicating Type AB blood type.

Hemolytic disease of newborn

A condition resulting from Rh incompatibility between a Rh-negative mother and a Rh-positive baby.

Heart sounds

'Lub' corresponds to AV valves closing, and 'Dub' corresponds to semilunar valves closing.

Stroke volume

The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one contraction, calculated as SV = EDV − ESV.

Capillary types

Continuous (BBB), Fenestrated (kidneys/intestines), Sinusoidal (liver, red bone marrow).

Lymphoid organs

Includes lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils.

Innate immunity

Non-specific defense mechanism that provides immediate protection.

Complement

A group of proteins that play a role in inflammation, opsonization, and cell lysis.

Alveoli

Air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Pepsinogen

An inactive enzyme secreted by chief cells that converts to pepsin in the stomach.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney.

Fertilization

The process that occurs in the fallopian tube when a sperm fertilizes an egg.

Vasectomy

A surgical procedure that involves cutting the vas deferens to prevent sperm from entering the semen.