8.7 - Global Resistance to Established Power Structures after 1900

Mohandas Gandhi

Indian nationalist leader who challenged British rule through nonviolent protest, boycotts, and civil disobedience

Salt March

Gandhi's 1930 protest march against British salt taxes in colonial India

Martin Luther King Jr.

American civil rights leader who used nonviolent protest to challenge segregation and racial injustice

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Mass protest against segregated buses in Alabama that helped launch the modern U.S. civil rights movement

Nelson Mandela

South African anti-apartheid leader who helped end white minority rule and became president in 1994

African National Congress

South African political organization that led the struggle against apartheid and white minority rule

Apartheid

South Africa's system of legalized racial segregation and white minority rule

Wladyslaw Gomulka

Polish communist leader associated with reforms after anti-Soviet protests in 1956

Imre Nagy

Hungarian leader who tried to free Hungary from Soviet control during the 1956 uprising

Prague Spring

Period of liberal reform in Czechoslovakia in 1968 that was crushed by Soviet military intervention

Brezhnev Doctrine

Soviet policy claiming the right to intervene in socialist states threatened by reform or independence

Irish Republican Army (IRA)

Paramilitary group that used bombings and violence to end British rule in Northern Ireland

Ulster Defense Association

Protestant paramilitary group in Northern Ireland

Basque Homeland and Freedom (ETA)

Basque separatist organization in Spain that used terrorism to seek independence from the Spanish state

Abimael Guzmán

Peruvian Maoist leader who founded and directed the violent Shining Path insurgency

Shining Path

Maoist insurgent group in Peru that used terrorism and guerrilla violence against civilians and the state

Al-Qaeda

Transnational Islamist terrorist network founded by Osama bin Laden that carried out the September 11 attacks

Francisco Franco

Spanish fascist dictator who ruled after the Spanish Civil War from 1939 to 1975

Augusto Pinochet

Chilean military ruler who seized power in 1973 and repressed opponents through torture, executions, and disappearances

Idi Amin

Ugandan military dictator whose regime used ethnic persecution, terror, and mass killings from 1971 to 1979

Military-industrial complex

The close relationship among governments, militaries, and arms producers that encourages military buildup and weapons trading