Biology - Energy Drinks Unit

Energy Definition

ability to do work (transference between 2 things)

why we eat

1st Law of Thermodynamics

energy is neither created nor destroyed (can be converted)

contains 3 types of energy (solar, chemical, and mechanical)

Solar Energy

energy from sun

source of energy for all life

Chemical Energy

found in the bonds of chemical compounds

sharing of electrons creating stored chemical energy

Mechanical Energy

motion energy (kinetic)

position of object before it moves (potential)

stored energy is labeled as potential

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

a loss of heat is caused by converting energy from 1 form to another (heat cannot be used)

cells must have a constant source of energy to prevent entropy

Entropy

loss of organization

full of entropy means full of heat

ATP

nucleic acid used as energy current for cells (energy carrier)

nitrogen base, sugar, and 3 phosphate molecules

Importance of Phosphates

energy is contained in the bonds between phosphates

the breaking of these bonds excretes energy

Flow of Energy

occurs at cellular level

plants take solar energy and convert to sugar (chemical energy)

humans eat those plants to recharge broken ATP bonds

Organic Nutrients

human/animal energy source

molecule containing both hydrogen and carbon

Hydrocarbon

hydrogen and carbon bonds

only living things have them

carbon is easy to bond with (4 places to attach)

Functional Groups

attached to hydrocarbon chains to provide chemical reactivity (different roles) to organic molecules

used to distinguish different types of organic molecules

Organic Molecules

nutrients created by the joining of monomers to create polymers

energy nutrients: carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Dehydration Synthesis

removing of water to form polymer bonds

Hydrolysis

adding water to break polymers into monomers

Energy nutrients

carbs, fats, proteins

all have potential energy stored in their bonds

Carbohydrates

SHORT term energy

PREFERRED energy source

HYDROPHILIC (easily dissolvable by water)

monomer: monosaccharide (sing carb "simple sugar")

polymer formed: polysaccharide (long chains of glucose molecules)

Types of Polysaccharides

starch

glycogen

fiber

Starch

PLANT storage of glucose

long term storage

Glycogen

ANIMAL storage of glucose

short term storage

Fiber

makes up structural components of leaves, stems, and roots of plants

cellulose

Lipids

LONG term energy source

HYDROPHOBIC

monomers: fatty acids

polymers: triglycerides

Cholesterol

Phospholipids

Triglycerides

glycerol molecules attached to 3 fatty acid chains

store energy

Cholesterol

waxy fat-like substance in ring shape

function of cell membrane

hormones

Phospholipids

2 fatty acid chains and 1 phosphate

structure of the cell membrane

Types of Fatty Acids

Saturated fats

unsaturated fats

saturated fats

straight chain packed together

solid at room temp

found in animals

unsaturated fats

double bonded

liquid at room temp

associated with plants

Protein

AMINO ACIDS (monomers)

many functions

polymers: polypeptide chains and proteins

specific bond: peptide bond

Polypeptide Chain

3D shape that must take form before the protein can function

shape decides the function

Peptide Bonds

STRONG and take a while to digest and release energy

form the polypeptide chains

built by dehydration synthesis

Energy Drinks

do not contain nutrients in the form of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins

Jobs of Digestive System

1. break down food into nutrients to be transported throughout body

2. supply water to cells

3. remove undigested waste materials

Types of Digestion

mechanical

chemical

Mechanical Digestion

breaking food into pieces

increasing surface area of foods

ex: chewing and muscles moving food through system

Chemical Digestion

breaking down of nutrients into enzymes

Major Organs of DS

"The Tube"

mouth

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

Accessory Organs of DS

salivary glands (help mouth)

liver

gallbladder

pancreas

Role of Mouth

break up and lubricate food

mechanical (chewing) and chemical (enzymes from salivary glands)

Role of Esophagus

transport food to the stomach

mechanical

Role of Stomach

mechanical mixing of food

begins protein digestion

Role of Small Intestine

most important organ where majority of work occurs

finger-like thing on inside (villi) absorb and increase surface area of nutrients

22 feet long coming before large intestine

Role of Large Intestine

reabsorbs water and eliminates indigestible materials

6 feet long

Role of Salivary Glands

help mouth

provide enzymes and lubrication

Role of Liver

produce bile

process and store nutrients

Role of Gallbladder

store bile

Role of Pancreas

produce digestive enzymes for small intestine

Digestive Enzymes

break down energy nutrients into small molecules (polymers into monomers)

move into circulatory and lymphatic systems

Enzyme Specifics

PROTEINS

CATALYST (speed up chemical reactions)

SUBSTRATE specific

REUSABLE (unless denatured)

have multiple metabolic pathways

Denaturation

when proteins lose shape, they lose function

causes: extreme change in temperature, pH out of optimal range, changes in salt concentration

once denaturation occurs, proteins can no longer function

Substrate Specific

certain enzymes can only bind to certain products

substrate: the molecule being changed

active site: location where the substrates bind to specific shape

Energy of Activation

the amount of energy needed for reaction

LOWERED BY ENZYMES

low EoA means quick chemical reactions

Carbs in Digestive System

1. Mouth - amylase breaks polysaccharides

2. Small Intestine - enzymes (from pancreas) break down carbs into glucose

3. Large Intestine - undigestible fiber adding bulk to feces

Proteins in Digestive System

1. Stomach - acid denatures proteins (Pepcin enzyme)

2. Small Intestine - very slow process where enzyme (Trypsin) breaks peptide bonds. Digestion of peptides occurs with enzyme Peptidase

3. Amino Acids absorbed and sent to Liver (some build other proteins and very rarely converted to glucose)

Lipids in Digestive System

1. Mouth - enzyme Lipase (from salivary glands) mixes with food

2. Stomach - Lipase breaks down fats

3. Small Intestine - bile (from liver) breaks up large clumps of fat (caused by lack of water)

Cellular Level of Nutrient Absorbtion

mitochondria

plasma membrane with 2 phospholipid layers decide what goes in and out of the cell

types of transport: passive, active, and bulk

Passive Transport

NO ENERGY REQUIRED

diffusion: straight through

osmosis: diffusion with water

facilitated diffusion: use proteins to move through channels in plasma membrane

Active Transport

REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP)

"pumps"

move against the gradiant

Bulk Transport

pinching of plasma membrane creating vesicle (holding bubble to travel)

exocytosis: exporting out of cell

endocytosis: importing into cell

Locations where Glucose converts to ATP

cytoplasm

mitochondria

Food is converted to energy through what process?

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

Glucose+O2 --> CO2+H20+Energy

Steps of Cellular Respiration

1. Glycolysis

2. Prep Reaction

3. Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb Cycle)

4. Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis

occurs in CYTOPLASM

series of chemical reactions breaking 6-carbon molecule in half to make 2 pyruvate molecules (have little energy)

Pyruvate molecules

move around inside the mitochondria

formed during Glycolysis and modified during Prep Reactions

Prep Reactions

pyruvate molecules change into molecule Acetyl CoA

Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb Cycle)

Acetyl CoA enter the Kreb Cycle

the C-C bonds of the original glucose are broken (release ATP and CO2)

Electron Transport Chain

energy meets oxygen

proteins take high energy electrons (H+) along electrical gradiant to recharge ADP

produce most energy

oxygen accepts electrons to make water

1 Glucose Molecule during Cellular Respiration

generate 36-38 ATP molecules

1 Fat Molecule during Cellular Respiration

generate up to 108 ATP molecules

take a long time to process

Proteins during Cellular Respiration

not common energy source

they have to remove functional group before moving to the liver

Claims of Energy Drinks

increase energy

increase mental awareness

reduce muscle fatigue

all natural origins of products (TRUE CLAIM)

Energy Nutrients of Energy Drinks

DO NOT CONTAIN ENERGY NUTRIENTS

What do energy drinks contain?

vitamins, "energy blend", and sometimes stimulants

Labeling of Energy Drinks

considered a dietary supplement (not food)

avoid regulations from the FDA

Vitamin basics

organic molecules

***NOT USED AS ENERGY, but are helpers of moving energy

act as: coenzymes, hormones, organ directors, and antioxidants

can be: water soluble and fat soluble

Coenzyme

"assist" to chemical reactions

Water Soluble

short term storage and need replaced often

peed out quickly

Fat Soluble

stored in adipose tissue

aid in hormone production

Caffeine Basics

natural chemical produced by some plants as a defense mechanism to ward off bugs and animals from eating leaves

85% of adults in US consume one caffeinated drink a day

water soluble (quickly absorbed into bloodstream)

fat soluble (able to move through plasma membrane easily)

psychoactive drug (cross into brain easily)

STIMULANT

increase metabolic rate

Stimulant

Caffeine

block adenosine receptors into brain

result in reduced drowsiness

Increased Metabolic Rate of Caffeine

cellular respiration occurs faster and generates more energy

brain produces more hormones that release fatty acids

blocks specific metabolic pathways (results increased blood glucose levels that increase energy production)

"Energy Blend"

all ingredients have jobs regarding cellular respiration

all ingredients also all come naturally

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