parasite flow charts

epidemiology:

estimated to infect about 50 million people worldwide

entamoeba histolytica

epidemiology:

world wide distribution; about 15% of cases nondysentric diarrhea in the U.S

giardia lamblia

epidemiology:

worldwide distribution, with many outbreaks in the U.S associated w/ waterparks, community swimming pools, and daycares.

(sickened around 400,000 people in Milwaukee 1993 in topwater)

cryptosporidium parvum/hominis

epidemiology:

worldwide distribution, only ciliated protozoan known to infect humans

balantidium coli

epidemiology:

huge problem, 219 million cases with >600k deaths (2010)

mainly in tropical/subtropical areas w/ democratic republic of the Congo, India, and Nigeria accounting for 40% of cases

plasmodium

P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae

plasmodium

epidemiology:

worldwide problem, approx. 22% of US population has been infected

toxoplasma gondii

epidemiology:

its found in parts of tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe

currently affects 12 million ppl in 98 countries

there are abt 2 million new cases each year

21 species known to cause disease to humans

leishmania sp

epidemiology:

In africa: sleeping sickness

In South America: chagas disease

millions of cases in Sub-Saharan Africa w/ approx 10k new cases per year

only about 1 case/year in U.S

trypanosoma

epidemiology:

infections are rare

2006-2015, 37 infections were reported in the US

naegleria fowleri

transmission:

Cysts survive outside the host in water, in soils, and on foods, especially under moist conditions

entamoeba histolytica

transmission:

Present in contaminated wells and water systems, especially ponds (Beaver fever). Also occur in city reservoirs, and persist after water treatment, as the cysts are resistant to conventional water treatment methods. Fecal-oral transmission can also occur in day-care centers, where children may have poor hygiene practices.

giardia lamblia

transmission:

Occurs through exposure to infected animals (mainly dogs & cats) or exposure to water contaminated by feces of infected animals.

Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis

transmission:

Usually acquired by humans via the fecal-oral (contaminated water) route from the normal host, the pig, where it is asymptomatic.

balantidum coli

transmission:

Human to human via mosquito vector

plasmodium

transmission:

Most commonly transmitted by the ingestion of oocysts from cat feces or undercooked pork, lamb, or venison. Can cross the placenta.

toxoplasma gondii

transmission:

sand fly is vector

leishmania sp

transmission:

Sleeping sickness is transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly, and Chagas disease is transmitted by the bite of the Reduviid bug (an “assassin fly” ).

trypanosoma sp

transmission:

You cannot get infected from drinking water contaminated with Naegleria. You can only be infected when contaminated water goes up into your nose.

naegleria fowleri

clinical:

Invades the colon and causes bloody diarrhea – amoebic dysentery. Also causes amoebic liver abscess.

entamoeba histolytica

clinical:

Lives in the small intestine and results in a diarrheal syndrome with cramping, fatigue, vomiting, weight loss (malabsorption).

giardia lamblia

clinical:

diarrheal syndrome

cyrptosporidium parvum/ hominis

clinical:

Diarrheal syndrome that can lead to colonic ulceration

balantidium coli

clinical:

Complex life cycle involving injection of Sporozoite by mosquito (vector), Hypozoites infect liver, Merozoites infect RBCs. Once in the RBCs, more Merozoites are formed, as well as Gametocytes, which are taken up by a mosquito. Malaria is characterized by anemia (obviously), and fever, malaise, headache, myalgias, jaundice and sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

trophozoites of the Plasmodium vivax parasite

plasmodium

the complex life cycle of plasmodium:

injection of sporozoite by ______ (vector)

mosquito

the complex life cycle of plasmodium:

hypocrites infect

liver

the complex life cycle of plasmodium:

merzoites infect

RBCs

the complex life cycle of plasmodium:

once in RBCs more merozoites are formed as well as ______

gametocytes

the complex life cycle of plasmodium:

gametocytes are taken up by

mosquito

clinical:

Infection can range from a flu- like syndrome, to ocular problems (retinochoroidal scarring), to brain lesions, and is also a cause of neonatal toxoplasmosis (stillbirth to CNS maldevelopment).

toxoplasma gondii

clinical:

Begins as skin sores which erupt weeks to months after the person is bitten by infected sand flies.

leishmania sp

Leishmania types:

______ leishmaniasis is the most common form, which causes an open sore at the bite sites, which heals in a few months to a year and half. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis produces widespread skin lesions which resemble leprosy, and may not heal on its own.

cutaneous

Leishmania types:

causes both skin and mucosal ulcers with damage primarily of the nose and mouth.

mucocutaneous

Leishmania types:

or kal-azar is the most serious form, and is potentially fatal if untreated.

visceral

clinical:

Through a process known as antigenic variation, some trypanosomes are able to evade the host's immune system by modifying their surface membrane antigens

trypanosoma sp

______ _____ is known for infiltrating the host's central nervous system. In its final stages, the disease may lead to extreme exhaustion and fatigue during the day (sleeping sickness), coma, and ultimately death.

Trypanosoma brucei

_____ _____ may infect both blood or other body tissues. Left untreated, Chagas' disease may cause diverse effects such as dementia, megacolon, and myocarditis

Trypanosoma cruzi

clinical:

causes the disease primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a brain infection that leads to the destruction of brain tissue. In its early stages, symptoms of PAM may be similar to symptoms of bacterial meningitis .

naegleria fowleri