Nursing 201 Exam 4

Growth

increase in size (measured by inches and pounds)

Development

increase in function and mastery of tasks for the specific phase in the lifespan

Differentiation

Maturation is the emergence of

personal, behavioral, or adultlike physical characteristics or a “ripening.”

Maturation enables an individual to _. Thus, maturation increases adaptability and competence for individuals to adjust to new situations

function in a fully developed and optimal way

Physical/physiologic development

Involves physical growth (height, weight, brain growth) and sensory development.

Motor development

Focuses on movement control, specifically gross motor skills and fine motor skills

gross motor skills include

walking, running

fine motor skills include

using hands and fingers

Social/emotional development

Involves understanding and managing emotions, sense of self, forming relationships, and interacting with others

Object permanence

knowing the object is there even though one cannot see it (peek-a-boo helps with this at a young age)

Separation Anxiety begins at

6 months of age

Expressive language function is the ability to

develop and express one’s own thoughts, ideas, and emotions

Receptive language function is the ability to

hear and understand what others say.

Cognitive development

Involves thinking, memory, problem-solving, and understanding the world.

Communication development

Covers receptive (understanding) and expressive (verbal/non-verbal) communication, such as gestures and speech.

Adaptive development

Includes self-help skills and behaviors that help a child function independently, such as feeding, dressing, and toileting

Developmental level

Developmental milestone

Developmental delay

Cephalocaudal growth refers to

the progression of the growth pattern that proceeds from head to toe

Proximodistal

Intimacy includes the ability to develop a

warm, trusting, honest relationship with another person and share private thoughts.

If a clear sense of identity has not been achieved during adolescence, then the young adult may feel

guarded and only form casual relationships

Postformal operational thought is the process of

integrating various points of view to develop knowledge and understanding

Intimate partner violence (IPV)

Climacteric meaning in females

hormonal changes result in cessation of the reproductive ability in the female

Climacteric meaning in males

hormonal changes result in decrease in sexual activity in the male

“Empty Nest” syndrome

Menopause

cessation of the menstrual period caused by hormonal changes in the body

Menopause usually begins between _ years of age and is -

45 and 55; genetically controlled

Midlife crisis

Midlife transition

Sandwich generation

Competence

effective interactions

Elder abuse

the infliction of harm or neglect through acts of omission (can be physical, emotional, or financial)

Anticipatory grief

grief that occurs before the loss is known

Bereavement involves

grief and mourning: aka the time surivors first react to the reality of the loss, the adjustment to the loss, and entering a period where they can move on

Delayed grief

Legacy

the family one has left to the world (it may give a person a feeling of immortality)

The legacy can be a

grandchild, property, culture, organization, or writing

Situational loss

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

Advanced directives

Durable Power of Attorney

Palliative care

active total care of patients whose disease is not responsive to curative therapy

Palliative care maximizes

quality of life; it does not focus on curing

Hospice care supports the patient and family through the

dying process and helps the survivors through the period of bereavement

Atrophy

decrease in size

What decreases in size during the aging process

Neurons (this causes impulses to the brain to become sluggish)

Near miss

Error of commission or omission that could have harmed a patient, but harm did not occur as a result of chance

adverse events

Unintended harm by an act of commission or omission rather than as a result of disease process

sentinel events

Unexpected occurrence involving death or serious injury

Categories of errors

- Diagnostic
- Treatment
- Preventive
- Communication

Diagnostic errors example:
What is a common cause of diagnostic errors related to timing?

Delay in diagnosis

Diagnostic errors example:
What is a reason for diagnostic errors involving testing?

Failure to employ indicated tests

Diagnostic errors example:
What can lead to diagnostic errors due to outdated methods?

Use of outmoded tests

Diagnostic errors example:
What is a failure that can contribute to diagnostic errors regarding monitoring?

Failure to act on results of monitoring or testing

treatment error

preventative error

communication error

latent, and active are _ of errors

placement

Active error occur at the...

"sharp end."

Latent error occur at the...

"blunt end."

Latent error

a flaw in a system that does not immediately lead to an accident but establishes a situation in which a triggering event may lead to an error.

a nurse who administers the incorrect medication because of a failure to check the medication order is involved in an

active error

poor equipment design, inadequate staffing, or flawed policies, are all examples of

latent error

Active error are made by those

providers (e.g., nurses, physicians, and technicians) who are providing patient care, responding to patient needs

two biggest barriers/obstacles that prevent reporting safety exemplars

Fear of Punishment/Blame: Clinicians often fear professional disciplinary action, personal reprimand, or legal sanctions.

Lack of a Just Culture: Environments that focus on individual failure rather than system-wide improvement discourage transparency and incident reporting

Know medication administration error prevention strategies including 5 rights.

• Right Patient: Use two identifiers (e.g., name and date of birth).

• Right Drug: Compare the label against the medication administration record (MAR) three times.

• Right Dose: Verify the dose is safe and appropriate for the patient.

• Right Route: Ensure the medication is given via the correct path (e.g., PO, IV, IM).

• Right Time: Administer within the designated window around the scheduled time. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

4 domains/components of Professional identity

(1) values and ethics
(2) knowledge
(3) nurse as leader
(4) professional comportment

Professional Comportment:

A nurse’s public image, including behavior, dress, and communication style

Psychological Identity:

How the nurse internalizes their role and feels like a nurse

Integrity

Being honest and demonstrating strong moral principles

Integrity is the basis for...

trust

Compassion

Empathy and concern for patient well-being.

Advocacy in nursing

Supporting patients' rights and needs;

Advocacy is seen as a _ for the patient

"last line of defense"

Courage

to affect change and to stand in opposition for moral rightness

humility

views the world with equanimity, taking neither an overstated amount of credit nor blame for a particular situation.

Human flourishing

Growing, becoming more engaged and developing knowledge and skills

Humility has a _ view of circumstances, events, and the actions of others.

realistic

• Seek to hear expectations clearly
• Value debriefing and feedback from role models
• Understand your own responsibilities for learning and be accountable for them.

Are examples of...

developing a professional identity