Development Theories and Urban Models: Rostow, Wallerstein, Latin American, African, Southeast Asian

What are the main theories explaining spatial variations in development?

Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth, Wallerstein's World System Theory, dependency theory, and commodity dependence.

Who proposed Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth?

Walt W. Rostow in 1960.

What is the basis of Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth?

It is an economic version of the Demographic Transition Model with 5 stages of development based on economic growth.

What is a criticism of Rostow's model regarding commodity dependency?

Countries dependent on a single export may face economic collapse if demand for that good decreases.

Provide an example of a region affected by commodity dependency.

Cities in the Rust Belt were dependent on steel; when demand fell, their economies suffered.

What is Wallerstein's World System Theory?

It posits that dominant countries exploit less developed countries, creating a core-periphery structure.

What are the three groups in Wallerstein's World System Theory?

Core, semi-periphery, and periphery.

What characterizes core countries in Wallerstein's theory?

They have a high level of development and a small percentage of primary sector workers (e.g., US, Canada).

What is the focus of Dependency Theory?

It views development as a relational process rather than a series of stages, highlighting the power dynamics between developed and developing countries.

What is the demographic transition model (DTM)?

A model that explains population change over time, illustrating the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

Describe Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model.

High birth rates and high death rates result in a steady and low population.

What occurs in Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model?

Death rates drop due to improved medical care and better living conditions, leading to rapid population growth.

What factors contribute to the low birth rates in Stage 3 of the DTM?

Women's education and access to contraception.

What characterizes Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model?

Low birth and death rates with a stable population, often seen in developed countries.

What is a potential characteristic of Stage 5 in the Demographic Transition Model?

A declining population due to fewer children being born to replace those who die.

What does the Von Thünen Model explain?

It explains rural land use based on transportation costs and distance from the market.

What is the first ring in the Von Thünen Model?

Intensive farming and dairying, which require proximity to the market due to perishable goods.

What is found in the second ring of the Von Thünen Model?

Forests, which provide timber and firewood, being heavy and costly to transport.

What crops are typically grown in the third ring of the Von Thünen Model?

Extensive field crops such as grains (wheat, rye, barley).

What is the Burgess concentric-zone model?

A model explaining urban land use with zones radiating from the Central Business District (CBD) outward.

What does the bid-rent theory explain?

It explains how land costs vary with distance from the CBD, influencing land use and agricultural practices.

What is the main transportation method in the Burgess model?

Walking and horseback.

What is the Hoyt sector model?

A model that describes urban land use in sectors radiating from the CBD, influenced by transportation routes.

What transportation method is primarily associated with the Hoyt sector model?

Streetcars.

What is the Harris and Ullman multiple nuclei model?

A model that suggests cities have multiple centers (nuclei) of activity rather than a single CBD.

What is the main transportation method in the Harris and Ullman model?

Cars.

What is the Galactic City model?

A model describing urban development with a focus on highways and the emergence of edge cities.

What transportation method is emphasized in the Galactic City model?

Highways, freeways, and expressways.

What is the Latin American City Model (Griffin-Ford Model)?

A model that describes urban structure with a spine of high-end commercial development and zones of varying residential quality.

What are disamenity zones in urban models?

Areas of high poverty located in undesirable locations, often near landfills or flood-prone areas.

What is a key feature of the African City Model (De Blij Model)?

It includes three CBDs: Traditional, Market, and Colonial.

What is the Southeast Asian City Model (McGee Model)?

A model that lacks a clear CBD and features multiple zones including a port zone and mixed land-use areas.

What is a limitation of the Latin American City Model?

It does not differentiate between commercial and industrial land use.

What is a shortcoming of the African City Model?

It is considered out of date and fails to show middle and high-class zones.

What is a characteristic of the Southeast Asian City Model?

It has no clear CBD, with parts of a CBD dispersed throughout the city.

What is the significance of new refrigeration technology in urban agriculture?

It reduces perishability, allowing for greater distances between farms and markets.

How does the bid-rent theory relate to agricultural land use?

It allows for extensive agriculture as land farther from the market costs less.

What is the zone of in-situ accretion?

A mixed-quality housing area that is susceptible to gentrification, located further from the CBD.

What does the term 'gentrification' refer to in urban studies?

The process by which urban neighborhoods undergo change due to the influx of more affluent residents.

What is the zone of maturity in urban models?

An area with older, good-quality residences located near the spine of high-end commercial development.

What is a common feature of informal economies in urban models?

They often exist in shantytowns or squatter settlements on the outskirts of cities.

What is the role of government policies in urban agriculture?

They can encourage the growth of certain crops, impacting land use and agricultural specialization.

What are the implications of climate and soil type variations in urban models?

They can lead to different agricultural practices and regional specializations.

What is the significance of market centers in urban models?

They can exist in multiple locations, affecting local economies and land use patterns.

What is the relationship between city size and urban models?

City size increases as models change, reflecting different patterns of urbanization and land use.