exam 4 ch 15

Disease

a condition where normal structure and/or function are damaged or impaired

Infection

an invasion of pathogen or parasite that leads to disease

signs

things that can be directly measured by clinician

symptoms

things felt by patient that cannot be clinically measured

if patient is lethargic would that be a sign or symptom?

symptom

if patient has a fever would that be a sign or symptom

symptom

syndrome

group of signs and syndromes that help indicate a particular disease

what does it mean if a patient is asymptomatic or subclinical

only signs can be observed

if a patient w/herpes feels no symptoms, what would you call them

asymptomatic

what does the affix cyto- mean

cell

cytopenia

reduction in the number of blood cells

what does the affix hepat- mean

of the liver

hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

what does the affix -pathy mean

disease

neuropathy

a disease affecting nerves

what does the affix -emia mean

of the blood

bacteremia

presence of bacteria in blood

what does the affix -itis mean

inflammation

colitis

inflammation of the colon

what does the affix -oma mean

tumor

lymophoma

cancer of the lymphatic system

what does the affix -osis mean

diseased or abnormal condition

leukocytosis

abnormal high number of WBC

what does the affix -derma mean

of the skin

keratoderma

thickening of the skin

what is used globally to classify and monitor disease?

WHOs international classification of Disease (ICD)

infectious

disease is directly affected by pathogen

communicable

capable of spreading person to person

latrogenic

acquired as a result of medical procedures

nosocomial

acquired from hospital setting

zoonotic

acquired from animal usually vertebrate

Non-communicable

obtained from non-living things such as soil or contaminated object

Non-infectious

not caused by pathogen

which type of noninfectious disease is caused by genetic inheritance?

inherited

A disease that is present at or before birth is classified as

congenital

Parkinson disease is an example of what type of noninfectious disease

degenerative

scurvy caused by vitamin C deficiency is an example of what type of disease

nutritional deficiency

A disease caused by malfunction of hormone-producing glands is classifies as

endocrine

what’s would be a example of endocrine noninfectious disease

hyperthyroidism

Abnormal growths whether benign or malignant, fall under which disease category

neoplastic

a disease with an unknown cause is classified as

idiopathic

what’s an example of a communicable disease

Malaria

What’s an example of a non-communicable disease

sickle cell anemia

what disease is zoonotic

malaria

what happens during the incubation phase

initial entry of pathogen;replication begins

what happens during the illness stage

signs and symptoms are most severe

what happens during the convalescence stage

host starts to recover

what happens in the prodromal stage

replication continues and host shows signs and symptoms

what happens in the decline phase

pathogen no. start to decrease and hosts immune system is weak and vulnerable to secondary infection

when could patients be contagious?

they can be contagious in any phase

what is Kochs postulates

a set of standards that must be met to demonstrate that said pathogen causes said disease

what’s the 1st step in Kochs postulates

suspected pathogen must be found in every case of disease and not in healthy individuals

whats the 3rd step in Kochs postulates

healthy test subject infected with suspected pathogen must develop same signs and symptoms of disease as seen in postulates 1

what’s the 2nd step in kochs postulates

suspected pathogen can be isolated and grown in pure culture

what’s the 4th step in kochs postulates

pathogen must be reisolated from new host and must be identical to the pathogen from postulate 2

pathogens are found only in disease individuals True/false

False

all subjects are equally susceptible to infection true/false

False

all pathogens can be grown in culture true/false

false

in molecular koch postulate which postulate says the disease phenotype must appear only in pathogenic strains?

postulate 1

in Molecular Koch’s Postulate what happens when the suspected virulence gene is inactivated

pathogenicity decreases or is lost

in Molecular Koch’s Postulate what must happen when the inactivated gene is restored

the disease phenotype returns

which gene in EHEC encodes the toxin that inhibits protein synthesis

Shiga toxin gene

what happens when the shiga toxin gene is removed from EHEC?

the bacteria lose the ability to cause disease

how is EHECs ability to cause disease restored after gene inactivation

reintroducing the toxic gene

why are Molecular Koch’s Postulate an improvement over the original

they identify specific virulence genes not just pathogens

do Molecular Koch’s Postulate identify the pathogen or the gene

the gene

in molecular koch postulate which postulate says that inactivation of suspect gene associated with pathogenicity should result in measurable loss of pathogenicity

postulate 2

what does postulate 3 in molecular kochs postulate state

reversion of the inactive gene should restore the disease phenotype

what does enterohemorrhagic E.coli cause

intestinal inflammation and diarrhea

what is one limitation of molecular kochs postulates

some diseases do not have suitable animal models

what is another limitation of molecular kochs postulates 1.

genetic manipulation of some organisms isnt possible with current techniques

pathogenicity

the ability of pathogen to cause disease

virulence

degree of pathogenicity

is Bacillus anthracis a high or low virulent

highly virulent because it induces severe signs and symptoms

is rhinovirus a high or low virulent

low virulent because rhinovirus induces low signs and symptoms

what is one example of a primary pathogen and why

enterohemorrhagic E.coli due to Shiga toxin

what is one example of a opportunistic pathogen

candida albicans

what pathogen is a UTI caused by E.coli

candida albicans

what influences susceptibility to disease

drugs, resident microbiota, genetics and age

if a pathogen has a LD50 of 10^4 cells what does that mean

it takes 10000 cells to kill 50% of the test population

which requires fewer organisms to reach iD50 or LD50

ID50 infectious requires fewer

what does a lower LD50 indicate about virulence

the pathogen is more virulent

Does a higher infectious dose mean a pathogen is more or less virulent

less virulent because you need a lot of the dose to infect

what does a lower LD50 indicate about virulence

its more virulent because it takes less of the dose to kill

what’s a torch infection

pathogens that can cross placental barriers as portal of entry

what is one way listeria can be obtained

through exposure to contaminated foods

adhesion

pathogens have varying capability of colonization

adhesins

molecules or structures that bind to certain host receptors

biofim

production of community glycocalyx

where can listeria adhere

intestines

where are adhesins commonly found

fimbriae or pili

what can initiate biofilm formation

adhesins

what does streptococcus pyrogens produce to adhere to respiratory epithelia on back of throat

protein F

when does invasion occur?

when colonization is established

what does urease do

neutralizes stomach acid

virulence plays a role in degree of invasion true/false

true

can H.pylori swim through stomach acid

yes after it releases urease

what are exoenzymes

enzyme secreted outside the bacterial cell

what does hyaluronidase break down

hyaluronan the glue between host cells

which bacterium commonly produces hyaluronidase

streptococcus pyogenes