Science assessment task 1-2025

Electrostatic Force

A field force exerted between electrically charged objects.

Contact Forces

Forces that occur when objects are in physical contact, examples include friction, air resistance, buoyancy, tension, and normal force.

Non-Contact Forces

Forces exerted by a field without physical contact, such as electrostatic, magnetic, and gravitational forces.

Charging by Friction

A method of charging objects by rubbing materials together to transfer electrons.

Charging by Induction

A method where bringing a charged object near a neutral object causes charge separation without direct contact.

Charging by Conduction

A method of charging through direct contact between a charged object and a neutral object, transferring charge.

Types of Charge

Charges are classified as positive (protons) and negative (electrons); like charges repel while opposite charges attract.

Atomic Model

A model that describes the structure of an atom, consisting of a nucleus with protons and neutrons, and electrons orbiting the nucleus.

Electric Field

The region around a charge where it exerts a force on other charges, represented by vector diagrams.

Coulomb's Law

Mathematical representation of the electrostatic force, expressed as F = k(r^2)(q1)(q2).

Closed Circuit

A complete electrical circuit in which current can flow.

Open Circuit

An incomplete electrical circuit that does not allow current to flow.

Series Circuit

A circuit configuration where components are connected in a single path, sharing the same current.

Parallel Circuit

A circuit configuration where components are connected across each other, allowing multiple paths for current.

Voltage

The electrical potential energy difference between two points, measured in volts (V).

Current

The flow of electric charge in a circuit, measured in amperes (A).

Resistance

The opposition to the flow of current in a circuit, measured in ohms (Ω).

Electromagnet

A type of magnet whose magnetic field is produced by an electric current, can be turned on and off.

Ohm's Law

A fundamental equation in electronics that states V = IR, relating voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R).

Energy Transformation

The conversion of one form of energy into another, such as electrical energy into light and heat.

Lightning

A natural electrostatic discharge resulting from charge separation in clouds, often accompanied by a loud thunder.

Magnetic Poles

The two ends of a magnet where the magnetic force is strongest; like poles repel and opposite poles attract.

Magnetic Fields

Regions around magnets where magnetic forces are exerted, represented by field lines indicating direction and strength.