Honors World History Midterm

Study Guide Salagado Midterm Second Semester

Where did Influenza begin?

Camp Funston (Fort Riley), in Kansas.

How did soldiers from WWI contribute to the Spanish Flu?

The war fostered disease by creating conditions in the trenches of France that some epidemiologists believe enabled the influenza virus to evolve into a killer of global proportions.

The British encouraged Arab nations to revolt against the Ottoman Empire because..

The ottotans fought with the Germans in WWI.

What was the Balfour Declaration?

The British delcared that Palestine was going to have a Jewish homeland.

How did the Europeans divide up the Middle East?

 Iraq and Palestine were assigned to Great Britain(Transjordan), and Lebanon and Syria were assigned to France.

What was the McMahon-Hussein Agreement?

A promise for an independent Arabic kingdom if the people revolt against the ottomans.

What is the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

This is the treaty that pulled the USSR out of WWI in order to focus on making a state based on the ideas of Karl Marx.

What were the Bolsheviks?

Began as a small faction of the social democrats, and became dedicated to violent revolution under Lenin. Lost an election but stopped it before the count was over while they were winning.

What is collectivization?

The process of natinalizing farms from the kulaks and incorporating them to make big collectivized, goverment owned farms.

What were the Kulaks?

The kulaks were wealthy farmers the Stalin hated.

What was the Provisional Government?

 Led by Kerensky. Carried on the war to preserve Russia’s honor. Designed to set up free elections.

What was the Protelatariat?

The proletariat was the working class of an industrialized society/nation, They made their money on wage labor.

What is a 5-year plan?

Stalin’s goals for five-year periods. Focused on transforming Russia from an agricultural economy to an industrialized powerhouse. Focused on producing military and capital goods(Heavy machinery).

What is a command economy.

An economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government.

What was the Great Purge?

Stalin’s expulsion of many from all aspects of Russian life, many were publicly shamed, and those who were targeted were normally those who opposed him and the communist party.

What were the Gulag’s?

In forced labor camps in Siberia, people were sent to the Gulags for resisting Stalin’s goals and ideology. 8 million were arrested and sent to the gulags, they never returned, and others were executed.

Who were the Romanovs?

The Romanov family ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917.

Who was Rasputin?

A mystic who influenced Alexandra, basically made all the decisions while Nicholas was on the war front, and was killed. 

Who was Vladimir Lenin?

Leader of the Bolsheviks who seized power and established the Soviet Union. “Peace, Land, Bread.”

Who was Joseph Stalin?

Totalitarian leader of the Soviet Union who eliminated anyone on his way to power and opposed his goals, the second leader of the Soviet Union.

Who Czar Nicholas II?

 Weak, untrained last monarch of Russia who was killed after being overthrown.

What are the long-term causes of the Russian Revolution?

The autocracy of the Czar, and horrible working conditions. Economically, **widespread inflation and food shortages** in Russia contributed to the revolution. Militarily, inadequate supplies, logistics, and weaponry led to heavy losses that the Russians suffered during World War I; this further weakened Russia's view of Nicholas II. They viewed him as weak and unfit to rule.

What was the Russian Revolution's immediate cause?

 Russia's disastrous involvement in World War I.

What was Lenin’s promise to the people?

Lenin promised to end the war, redistribute all land to the peasants, transfer industry and factories to committees of workers, and transfer power from the provisional government to the soviets.

What was the fatal decision made by the provisional government led by Kerensky?

They decided to stay in the war.

Who fought in the Russian Civil War (1918-1920)?

Anti-Lenin socialists, supporters of the Czar, and the allies. The white forces vs the red terror. 

Who was Hitler?

Born in Austria in 1889, a failure in school who traveled to Vienna to join an art academy but got rejected twice. Was anti-semitic, and led the German Worker’s Party soon after joining. 

Who was Mussolini?

Father of Fascism, the First Fascist dictatorship in the world. Created the first secret police that terrorized its citizens for no reason.

Who was Stalin?

Ultra Totalitarian leader of the Soviet Union who wanted to control all aspects of Soviet life, (Work, Leisure, etc). 

Who is Tojo and Hirohito?

Hirohito was the emperor of Japan and Tojo was the Prime Minister of the Imperial Japanese Army (Military Dictatorship).

What is propaganda?

 Biased or incomplete information used to sway people to accept certain beliefs or actions.

What is Fascism?

 A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule.

What is indoctrination?

Instruction in the government’s beliefs to mold people’s minds. Also known as “brainwashing.”

What is censorship?

This is a term used to describe a government’s control of all mass media such as periodicals, film, arts, music, literature, newspapers, etc.

What is totalitarianism?

A totalitarian ruler leads a government that controls all aspects of its citizens lives, public and private. These leaders rose due to the economic problems caused by the great depression and WWI.

Who is Fransisco Franco?

A general who revolted against a democratic government in 1936, a civil war soon started. Franco was aided in the civil war by Italy and Germany and finally captured Madrid in 1939, he established a dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1939. His government did not try to control every aspect of its citizen's life and thus was Authoritarian and not Totalitarian. 

Who were the allied powers?

The Allied Powers were the countries that fought against the Axis Powers during World War II. The main Allied Powers were the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union, but other countries such as France and China played important roles.

Who were the axis powers?

The Axis Powers were a military alliance during World War II consisting of Germany, Italy, and Japan.

What was the treaty of Versailles?

The treaty of Versailles was made as peace resolution to WWI causing germany to lose territory, become demilitarized, and also have to pay huge reparations to the countries that it was defeated by.

What is Mein Kampf?

**Mein Kampf** is a book written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in 1924. It outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany, including his anti-Semitic beliefs and desire for territorial expansion.

What does Lebesraum mean?

Living spaces.

What is Anti-semitism?

Anti-Semitism is hostility or prejudice against Jewish people. It can take many forms, including discrimination, violence, and hate speech. It has a long history and continues to be a problem in many parts of the world.

What is appeasement and some examples in WWII?

Appeasement was a policy of making concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid conflict. Some examples of appeasement in WWII include the Munich Agreement, where Britain and France allowed Germany to annex Czechoslovakia in exchange for a promise of peace, and the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, where Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to divide Eastern Europe between them.

What is Anschluss?

Anschluss refers to the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938.

What was the non-aggresion pact?

The Non-Aggression Pact was a treaty signed between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union on August 23, 1939. The pact ensured that the two countries would not attack each other and would remain neutral if either country became involved in a war with a third party. The pact also included a secret protocol that divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence for the two countries. The pact was broken by Germany when it invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941.

What is genocide and some examples from WWII?

Genocide is the intentional killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. Some examples of genocide from WWII include the Holocaust, in which Nazi Germany systematically murdered six million Jews, and the Rape of Nanking, in which Japanese soldiers killed an estimated 300,000 Chinese civilians.

What was the great depression and how did it affect WWII?

The Great Depression was a severe economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s. It had a significant impact on the world, including the outbreak of World War II. The economic struggles of the Great Depression led to political instability and the rise of extremist political parties, such as the Nazi Party in Germany. Additionally, the economic struggles of the Great Depression made it difficult for countries to invest in their military and defense, which ultimately impacted the outcome of the war.

What was the Weimar Republic?

The Weimar Republic was the democratic government that ruled Germany from 1919 to 1933, after the end of World War I and the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II. It was named after the city of Weimar, where the new constitution was written and adopted. The Weimar Republic faced numerous challenges, including economic instability, political extremism, and social unrest, and ultimately collapsed with the rise of the Nazi Party and the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in 1933.

What was the Kristallnacht?

Night of the broken glass, Nazis destroyed Jeiwsh cemeteries, businesses, synagogues, etc.

What is Blietzkrieg?

This is the method of war used by Hitler that translates to lightning war.

What is D-Day/ Operation Overlord?

D-Day, also known as Operation Overlord, was a military operation during World War II in which Allied forces invaded Nazi-occupied Normandy, France on June 6, 1944. It was the largest seaborne invasion in history and marked a turning point in the war. The operation involved over 156,000 troops, 5,000 ships, and 11,000 aircraft, and resulted in the establishment of a foothold in France that eventually led to the liberation of Europe from Nazi control.

What was Pearl Harbor and how did it influence WWII?

Pearl Harbor was a surprise military attack by the Japanese on the United States naval base in Hawaii on December 7, 1941. The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II. The destruction of the Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor forced the US to rebuild its naval forces and enter the war with full force. It also led to the internment of Japanese Americans and a shift in public opinion towards supporting the war effort.

What was the Battle of Midway?

This battle marked the turning of the tide against Japan. Japan wanted to kill the U.S. at last in the pacific but the U.S. aircraft carriers survived and instead the japanese are hit by bombers, their plan has backfired. It demonstrated that america could not only fight but win the war against japan.

What was the Battle of Brittain?

**What was the Battle of Britain?**

The Battle of Britain was a military campaign fought during World War II, in which the Royal Air Force (RAF) defended the United Kingdom against large-scale attacks by Nazi Germany's air force, the Luftwaffe. Germay the U.K.’s ports and industries while Brittain rebulit their air force and ports and fought back. Hitler then postponed the invasion of Brittain.

What was the Battle of Dunkirk?

A significant WWII event in which Allied forces were trapped on a beach in France. Over 300,000 soldiers were rescued by a flotilla of boats from the U.K.

What was the Battle of the Bulge?

A major German offensive in the Ardennes forest during World War II, launched in December 1944. It caught the Allied forces off guard, causing a significant setback. However, the Allies eventually prevailed, and the battle marked the end of large-scale German resistance in Western Europe.

What was Island Hopping?

The U.S. attacked islands one by one instead of a full blown war in the pacific. The U.S. invaded weaker islands first and they slowly started taking on bigger ones to not cause huge upset by Japan. This method was much faster than a war on the main Japanese island would have been and saved many lives.

What was the Postdam Conference?

A meeting held in Postdam, Germany in 1945 between the leaders of the Allied powers, which aimed to discuss the post-World War II reorganization of Europe. The conference resulted in the division of Germany and the establishment of the Council of Foreign Ministers.

What was the Yalta Conference?

This conference was held in February 1945 between the leaders of the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom. It was aimed at discussing the post-World War II reorganization of Europe and the establishment of a new international organization.

What was the signifigance of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

* Date: August 6 and 9, 1945
* Location: Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan
* Bomb type: Atomic bomb
* Death toll: Approximately 200,000
* Immediate impact: End of World War II
* Long-term impact: Beginning of the nuclear age and arms race
* Controversy: Ethical and moral implications of using atomic bombs against civilian populations.

What was the Weimar Republic?

The Weimar Republic was the German government from 1919 to 1933, established after World War I and the fall of the German Empire. It was marked by political instability, economic crisis, and social unrest, and ultimately led to the rise of the Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler's dictatorship.

How did fascism gain popularity in countries like Germany and Italy?

A political ideology that arose in Europe after WWI. It promised national unity, strong leadership, and a return to traditional values. Fascism gained popularity in countries like Germany and Italy due to economic instability, political turmoil, and a desire for a strong leader who could restore order. Propaganda and charismatic speeches were also used to promote fascist ideals and demonize opponents. The Great Depression and a desire for security were how Fascism rose.

Who were the Blackshirts?

Italian Fascist paramilitary group formed in 1919 by Mussolini. They were known for their black uniforms and violent tactics, used to intimidate and attack political opponents.

How was Hitler able to gain support?

Hitler was able to gain support by exploiting the economic struggles of Germany, blaming the Jews for the country's problems, and using propaganda and rallies to create a sense of nationalism and unity among Germans. He also promised to restore Germany's power and prestige, which appealed to many Germans who felt humiliated by the Treaty of Versailles.

What was the Reichstag fire? How did it help Hitler become chancellor?

An event that occurred on Feb 27, 1933, in which the German parliament building was set on fire. Hitler used the incident to blame the communists and to pass the Enabling Act, which gave him dictatorial powers. This helped him consolidate his power and become the Chancellor of Germany.

What was Kristallnacht?

A violent anti-Semitic attack took place in Germany on November 9-10, 1938. Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues were destroyed, and many Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps. It marked a turning point in the Nazi persecution of Jews and is considered a precursor to the Holocaust.

What drove Japan to imperialization?

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1. A desire for natural resources
2. Need for new markets
3. Nationalistic pride and prestige
4. Military expansionism
5. Fear of being colonized by Western powers.

Why did Japan seize Manchuria and Northern China?

Japan seized Manchuria and Northern China in the 1930s to gain access to resources such as coal, iron, and oil, and to establish a buffer zone against the Soviet Union. They also aimed to create a self-sufficient empire and expand their influence in Asia.

How does the term, *appeasement* relate to the beginning of WWII?

The policy of giving concessions to aggressive powers to avoid conflict. This approach was used by Britain and France towards Hitler's demands for more land in Europe. The appeasement policy failed, as Hitler continued to expand his territories, ultimately leading to the start of WWII as he believed no one would oppose him.

What is one reason, prior to the end of WWII, that would make Stalin suspicious of Western democracies?

The Western democracies had delayed opening a second front in Europe, which led Stalin to believe that they were intentionally delaying to weaken the Soviet Union and allowing the Nazis to weaken them instead.

Why did Stalin and Hitler sign a Non-Aggression Pact?

1939 agreement between two dictators to divide Eastern Europe. Allowed Hitler to invade Poland without Soviet interference. Stalin bought time to prepare for war.

How did foreign leaders such as Neville Chamberlain feel after leaving the Munich Conference?

After leaving the Munich Conference, foreign leaders like Neville Chamberlain felt a sense of relief and optimism. They believed that the agreement signed with Hitler would bring peace and prevent war in Europe.

When did WWII officialy begin?

The date on which Germany invaded Poland, marked the start of WWII.

How did Hitler gain support for Anti-Semitic ideas against the Jewish people?

Widespread economic hardship and political instability in Germany after WWI created fertile ground for Hitler's propaganda. He blamed the Jewish people for Germany's problems and presented them as a threat to German identity. By portraying the Jews as the "other," he was able to rally support for his anti-Semitic ideas among the German people, including the middle class and working class. Additionally, Hitler used his charisma and powerful oratory skills to inspire loyalty and devotion among his followers. To sum it all up, it was how he blamed the Jews for the Great Depression and Germany’s disastrous involvement in WWII.