NTR330 Unit 1 : Applying Nutrition Science to the Public's Health (L)

notes off of interactive lectures

Is there a single definition for Public Health Nutrition?

No

What is Public Health Nutrition described by?

• Theories

• Roles

• Objectives

• Approaches

How does C.E.A Winslow define Public Health Nutrition?

The science and the art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts of the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, and the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health

Nutritional science is both a _____ and a _______.

Science, art

What is the science part of nutritional science?

This is because nutritional science is a science. This can include quantitative or qualitative research - regardless of what type of evidence it is, it is evidence-based. This type of evidence can come in different studies, such as studying nutrients and the body, or something like nutritional epidemiology.

What factors make up the art part of nutritional science?

• Political

• Logistical

• Cultural

What does the “art” part of nutritional science provide for?

It provides the context for applying the science aspect of nutritional sciences. This can affect program designs and outcomes

What prevents nutrient deficiencies?

Consumption of adequate nutrients

What promotes proper growth and development?

Consumption of adequate energy AND nutrients

What prevents obesity?

Meeting, but not exceeding energy requirements

What reduces chronic disease risk?

Choosing healthy foods

Why is adequate nutrient intake important?

It is important in keeping up your immune system to reduce susceptibility to diseases

What is the “cycle” that results from nutrient deficiencies?

Nutrient deficiency results in sickness, and being sick leads to improper nutrient absorption. Because you can’t absorb nutrients properly, you are also getting sick.

What does primary prevention target?

Healthy individuals to prevent diseases and their risk factors.

What does secondary prevention target?

Individuals with risk factors with risk factors to prevent disease development

What does tertiary prevention target?

It aims to prevent or delay complications of a disease.

What is necessary for developing a proper social machinery for public?

Cooperative efforts between different organizations, and ensuring that proper nutritional info is accessible.

What do public health nutritionists need to understand evaluate?

How to do research studies. How to design studies. How to use studies. The science behind nutrition programs and policies. And what drives the public healths choices.

What do public health nutritionists need to generate?

Appropriate design strategies and studies.

What do public health nutritionists need to provide?

Timely, accurate information.

What is the gold standard for scientific information?

Peer-reviewed literature

What databases are good for finding peer reviewed literature?

• PubMed

• Medline

• Cochrane

What does peer reviewed literature provide?

It provides the evidence in which to base your practice or study.

In peer reviewed scientific literature, how much bias do we want?

Minimal

What four factors do we want to take into account when looking into scientific evidence (peer-reviewed literature)?

• Quality of the studies

• Quantity of the studies

• Consistency of the results

• Study design

What is the hierarchy of evidence?

A ranking of studies that shows what has more convincing evidence.

What is at the top of the hierarchy of evidence?

Systematic review of RCTs

What is at the bottom of the hierarchy of evidence?

Expert opinions, case reports, case series and case-control studies

What is nutrition monitoring?

The monitoring of the nutrition of the public; done so that you have the knowledge necessary to address the public’s nutrient concerns.

What are three examples of nutrient monitoring studies?

• Nutritional screening

• Nutritional assessment

• Surveillance

What are nutritional screenings?

Blood tests to screen what diseases you might be at risk for

What are nutritional assessments?

Assessments done to assess the nutritional status of individuals or populations

What is nutritional surveillance?

Looking at a population to see what nutritional issues are going on

What is NHANES?

Nutritional Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

What does NHANES do?

It assesses the health and nutritional status of the US population.

What does the NHANES data help us do?

It helps us connect risk factors to diseases.

What three kinds of studies are done to help inform health policies and programs?

• Epidemiologic

• Clinical Trials

• Animal Studies

What did the Bogalusa Heart Study contribute to?

The understanding of cardiovascular risk factors in children and history of cardiovascular disease in early life.

What did the Framingham Hearty Study contribute to?

The recognition and management of atherosclerosis, and its causes and implications

What did the Framingham Heart Study Identify?

Major risk factors associated with heart disease, stroke, and other diseases

What is atherosclerosis?

Hardening of the arteries; can be the the beginning of heart disease

What is DASH?

The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

What was the “DASH” diet rich in?

Fruits, veggies, low-fat dairy

What was the “DASH” diet low in?

Saturated fat, total fat, and cholestorol

What did the “DASH” diet do?

Substantially lower blood pressure

Did the DASH diet change the sodium amount or keep the sodium amount constant?

Constant

What did the “DASH" sodium diet do?

It incorporated sodium reduction into the “DASH” diet

What lowered blood pressure more: DASH or DASH sodium?

DASH sodium

In what four ways do studies affect public health?

• Setting public health goals

• Developing dietary recommendations

• Mandating nutrition policy

• Designing nutrition interventions

What are the Healthy People 2020 goals?

They are for the health promotion and disease prevention agenda for the nation.

How often is Healthy People updated?

Every decade

What does DRI stand for?

Dietary Reference Intake

What do the DRIs include?

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)

What four values make up DRI

• EAR

• RDA

• UL

• AI

What does DRI focus on?

Risk reduction of chronic diseases

How were DRIs developed?

By taking research studies to determine our optimal intake and applying them to nutrition (applying science to nutrition)

Are DRIs geared towards individuals?

No, just groups healthy people as a whole

What are DRIs specified on?

Age, gender, and life stage

What is estimated average requirement (EAR)?

Estimated to meet the requirements of half of healthy individuals

What is recommended daily allowance (RDA)?

estimated to meet the nutrient requirements of 98% of healthy individuals

What is tolerable upper intake level (UL)?

Highest level of continued daily nutrient intake unlikely to pose an adverse health effect

What is Adequate intake (AI)?

recommended intake in the absence of sufficient evidence to establish an EAR/RDA

It is important to meet the RDA or AI without exceeding the _____.

UL

What is the Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP)?

Office within the USDA where scientific research is linked with the nutritional needs of the American public and nutrition professionals who teach nutrition/diet to the public

Who develops and coordinates nutrition policies within the USDA?

The CNPP

What are the four CNPP Projects?

• Dietary Guidelines for Americans

• MyPlate

• Healthy Eating Index

• USDA Food Plans

What is the DGA, the foundation of?

Federal nutrition policies, nutrition education programs, and information activities

What TYPE of guidelines do the DGA put out?

EVIDENCE-BASED

what does MyPlate represent?

It represents the Dietary Guidelines for Americans

What does the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) do?

It assesses diet quality through adherence to the Dietary Guidelines.

Whats on the Nutrition Facts Label?

Daily values for these nutrients

What common allergens are included on the food label?

Milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, treenuts, peanuts, wheat, soybeans