Studied by 18 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
The past is
a social construction.
Archaeology is:
the scientific study of humanity's past through the analysis of material culture.
Equifinality means
that more than one interpretation is possible.
Anthropology is:
the scientific study of the origin, behavior, physical variation, and cultural change of human beings.
One tradition of archaeology developed out of anthropology in:
North America.
The goals of archaeology include:
-preservation of cultural heritage.
-documentation of archaeological data.
-greater understanding of the past.
-Dissemination
Looting:
-damages archaeological sites.
-removes contextual information from artifacts.
-is illegal in most countries.
Pseudoarchaeology
-series of nonscientific-based speculations of archaeological data.
-uses the past for the personal beliefs
-manipulate data for their goal
-limits human potential
Legislation that stipulates that the human remains of Native Americans must be returned to descendant populations is called the:
Native American Graves and Repatriation Act.
The earliest known person who purposefully excavated a mound site in the United States to explore its origins was:
Thomas Jefferson.
Uniformitarianism has to do with:
the formation of geological deposits; James Hutton
The concept of Darwin's Natural Selection explains that:
an individual who fits a local environment survives.
Evaluating other cultures based on preconceived notions originating in one's own culture is known as:
ethnocentrism.
Assigning ethnicity to archaeological cultures through the use of material culture is associated with:
Culture historical archaeology
Hyper-diffusionism assumes that cultural traits like pyramids:
originate from a single source.
Franz Boas:
-was a champion of a four-field anthropology.
-was a champion of historical particularism.
-argued cultural relativism.
The New Archaeology is associated with:
processualism
The means that directly lead archaeologists to gather and examine specific data in order to resolve their questions is called:
research design.
The study of indigenous people through historical records and ethnographic data is called:
ethnohistory.
Extracting a subset of elements from the population in order to make inferences about the entire population is called:
sampling.
Sampling based on statistical criteria that enable archaeologists to evaluate how close a sample represents the population is called:
probablistic sampling.
Who built the Egyptian pyramids?
Free Egyptians who were well treated
Which human groups have more free time than the other?
agriculturists
After the advent of agriculture, human society became
stable
What is an artifact in archaeological research?
a portable object made or modified by humans
The origins of archaeology lie in the work of:
Antiquarians
site
a spatial cluster of artifacts, ecofacts, features, and/or structures.
The Culture History approach places an emphasis on:
rules and norms that guide the reproduction of culture
SID; descriptive categories which cannot be ordered
nominal
Elevation of California Cities
Interval
How many subfields are in American Anthropology?
4
You find a shell with a design carved into it
artifact
5000 BP =
3000 BC
CRM/ contract archaeology stands for
Cultural Resource Management
Northern American Archaeology developed as a part of...
Anthropology
Cultural Ecology
Body of theory associated with "New Archaeology" or processualism
Non-portable facilities that were created by humans are
features
Archaeology claiming that aliens assisted in building the Pyramids of Giza is a form of...
Pseudoarchaeology
Paleontology
Study of fossils of plants and animals (including dinosaurs)
European Archaeology developed through; An interest in the past, usually involving collection, where individual facts or objects are discussed without reference to their broader context
Antiquarianism
Ecofacts
Unmodified remains of biological materials recovered from archaeological contexts
Elman Service's classification of societies included:
Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, States
Archaeologists are interested in looking at change over time through
Diachronic analysis
Laws that deal with the protection of cultural heritage include:
Unidroit, NHPA, NAGPRA
Provenance
Where an artifact was made
Rosetta Stone
Used to decipher the Egyptian hieroglyphics
'Survival of the Fittest' was coined by
Herbert Spencer
Lithics
oldest documented artifact class
A trash deposit is...
-a midden
-useful to archaeologists for understanding daily behaviors
-often related to an activity area
A measurable characteristic of a population is a...
Variable
Unilinear Cultural Evolution and other systems of cultural classification are now considered to be...
ethnocentric
ratio
Continuous data with a true zero; score of baseball team
ordinal
ranked data. (small, medium, large); ranking of employees by # of sales
ratio
amount of money in a savings account
Formation processes
Archaeological context, why things changed when found compared to originally put
biological anthropology
Study of both behavioral and biological facets of humans, hominins, and non human primates
cultural anthropology
The study of contemporary cultural variation, including changing social hierarchies, ideologies, and contested meanings, practices, and identities
Ethnography
the study of individual contemporary cultures
Ethnology
the comparative analysis of various living societies
Linguistic anthropology
The study of how languages, an integral part of culture, shape social life; ancient languages
Paleoanthropology
out of geology
Classical Archaeology
out of history
bipedalism
use of only 2 legs (humans, primates, etc)
Synchronic analysis
short period of time
Stratified random sampling
layers
systematic sampling
grid/pattern
adaptive sampling
next one is based off the finds of the last one
Tensions over heritage
International > national > local
Early laws/protections
First monuments act - Sweden 1666
First museum in Russia - 1718
Fines for unauthorized excavations in Peru - 1822
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
Principles of Geology (1830-1833)
Fused the idea of biological change to deep time
Georges-Louis Leclerc (1707-1788)
Argued for biological change and for an older world than biblical narratives accounted for
Contributions of Naturalists
Evolution - biological change in heritable traits in a population over time
Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
Argued that extinctions had occurred
Series of creations followed by catastrophes
Jean-Baptiste Lamark (1744-1829) “Lamarkian”
Biological change must have occurred due to some sort of natural laws
Evolution happened at the level of the individual not populations
Individuals could change themselves physically through necessity
Edward Tylor
Application of evolutionary ideas to culture; cultural evolution
Lewis Henry Morgan
Three stage system - Savagery, Barbarism, Civilization
Ethnocentric
Linear sequence of cultural stages
Service
Bands
Tribes
Chiefdoms
States
Fried
Egalitarian
Rank
Stratified
State
C.J. Thomsen (1788-1865)
Recorded stratigraphic provenience
Three Age system (Stone, Bronze, Iron)
Jens Worsaae (1821-1885)
First formally trained professional prehistoric archaeologist
Denmark’s Inspector for the Conservation of Ancient Monuments (1847)
UNESCO
Convention for the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict - 1954
UNESCO convention on the means of prohibiting and preventing the illicit import, export, and transfer of ownership of cultural property - 1970
UNIDROIT
Convention on stolen or illegally exported cultural objects - 1995
United States
Antiquities Act - 1906
National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) - 1966
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) - 1990
Dangers facing material culture
Natural processes (weather/decay) and cultural process (modern development/looting)
Cluster sampling
clustering analyzed units around a smaller subset of randomly sampled units
Spatial units
Non arbitrary (natural boundaries) and arbitrary (artificial boundaries)
Note
Flashcard