Medical Terminology

Chapter I and CHapter II, Basics of Medical Terminology

Physiology

The branch of biology that studies the functions and pathology

Anatomy

body structure and parts (physiology)

Medical Terminology derived from -

ancient Greek and Latin roots, used to describe medical concepts and practices.

Literal Meaning

of medical terms based on their roots and components.

Actual Meaning

of medical terms as understood in context and usage.

Hippocrates

Regarded as the father of medicine, known for being the first figure to contributions to medical practice, ethics and clinical practice of medicine. He kept records of his observations to conclude morbid signs indicating disease, and realized patients can aid in their own recover through lifestyle alteration.

Hippocratic Oath

foundational ancient Greek medical text that establishes core ethical standards for physicians, emphasizing beneficence, patient confidentiality, and professional boundaries.

Galen

Authored medical books in Rome and relied upon his training to dissected human corpses and experimented on living animals to support his writings. Became a physician for Marcus Aurelius. Wrote much on anatomy and physiology. Formulated the discover of blood circulation.

Aulus Cornelius Celsus

Roman encyclopediast who wrote on the current stage of knowledge of many fields like medicine. Was though to be a layman writer who practiced as physicians, his anatomical observations had many inaccuracies but his unique language for them stands today.

a-, an-, ir-, ar-

without, lack of, no-, not

ab-, ef-, de-

away from / remove

ad-, af-

to, toward

ambi-, amphi-

1. both, double, two

2. both sides

ana-, re-

apart, up, back, again, contrary

pre-, pro-

before, in front of

anti-, all/o

against, reversed

bi-, bin-, di-, diplo-, co-, duo-

two, twice, double

cata-

down, under, against

circum-, peri-, gyr/o, teres, cycl/o, orb-, spher/o

around, about, circle

com-, con-, co-, sym-, syn-

together, with, both (two)

contra-

against, opposite

dia-

across, complete, between, total, apart, through

dis-

apart, away from, reverse

e-

out, to remove, protrude

ec-

out from, out

ecto-

on outer side, situated on

em-, en- , endo-, intro-, into-, intus

in, within

epi-

upon, on

ex-, exo-

upon, on, outside, on, outer side, outer layer, protrude

extra-

outside

hyper-, super-, supra-, ap/o

escessive, over, above, more

hypo-

under, below, deficient, low, less, lesser

im-, in-

into, in, or not

infra-, sub-

below, under, beneath

inter-

between

meta-, post-, postero-

beyond, after, change, behind

para-

beside, near, beyond

per-

through, excessive, in

retro-

backward, behind, after

trans-

across, through, beyond

ultra-

beyond, in excess

-a, -ia, -on, -os, -is, -us, -um, -ium, -ac

names a thing when attatches to root word, “refers to” or “pertains to”

-al, -tic, -ic, -iac, -oius, -ous, -ent

makes adjectives, expresses relationships. Means: “pertains tp”, “refers ro”, concerning

-an, -ion, -ian

meanrs: “pertains to, process of, procedure of”

-ance, -ancy, -ism

state of/ condition of

-er, -or

adjective added to verbs to make adjectives or nouns, means “one who; process of”

-gen. -troph, -plas

beginning; produce, development cause

-gram

to record/ write

-graph

an instrument

-graphy

procedure of; process of using an instrument to make a recording

-ia, -ity

added to adjective or nouns, to express; quaility; conditiion, state of

-ible, -ile

added to verbs to create adjectives, ability to; capacity of, refers to

-ician

person belonging; associated with; one who

-ics, -tica

art of; science

-id

added to verbs/nouns to make adjectives, state of; condition of; refer; pertains to

-ist

specialist. add to verbs to make nouns, a specialist, one who practices “ somethings”

-ite

nature of

-ion, -tion, -ition, -ation, -iation, -ing, -y

procedure of, process of, action of, condiiton

-itis, -isy, or -icy

to express condition of inflammation; infection

-ium, -olus, -iole, -cute, -culus, -cle, -culum, -ellum, micro-, minute, -ellum

small, smaller, lesser

-ize, -ate

act like, use, subject to, make into, refer to

-ma (-mata), -men (-mina), -ment. -ure, multi-, -poly-

many, multiple, resulting from health conditions

-oid, -form, -ish

likeness, resembles, related to

-o/log/y

process of the study of, science of, or knowledge of

-oma

tutor, swelling

-osis, -esis, -asis, -iasis, -sis

added to nouns to make verbs, condiiton, medical condition, disease, state of

-ous

material; refers to; state of

-tic

relates to, pertains to, refers to

-centesis

surgical puncture - to remove fluid

-ec/tom/y

out/cut/ procedure or removal

-o/pex/y

to fixate, position or to attach

-o/plasty

plastic surgery (to improve function, looks, or relieve pain)

-o/rrhaph/y

surgically to suture or repair

-o/tom/y

cutting into, to open, make incisions

-os/tom/y

new permanent opening or mouth

-o/tripsy

crushing pr destroying

-o/desis

binding or stabilization, fixate

-clasis, fract/o

to break down

-lysis,

(free from adhesion) or destroy

-cis, sect/o

to cut or cut, an incision

-cide

to kill

-stasis-, -stat

to stop to control / to stop immediately

-sis

medical condition or disease

-age

something is related to

-iatr/y

to treat, to heal, or cure

-therap/y

to treat to cure

-sect/ion

to cut or make several slices of a body part (to cupt a part)

-algia, -dynia

pain

-audi, -audio, acoust/i, -cusis

hear, hearing

bio-, vit/o

to live, alive, life, living

cau-, caus-

to burn

-centesis

puncture, perforate

-clas-; -clasr; -clasis, -clast

to smash; breakdown

-duct, -doch-

canal or to draw

-ecta, -ectasis, aneurysm-

to dilate

-edem-

to swell

-esthes/ia, -phoro

to feel (physical), to sense (mental)

-fiss-. -schiz-

to split

-flec, -flex-

to bend