Umme Aimen Tailor - Chapter 13: Gastroenterology

What is the alimentary canal?

the digestive system

what are the two types of glands in the body?

endocrine and exocrine

endocrine glands

secretes hormones into the blood system

exocrine glands

secretes hormones into ducts (tubes in the body)

what are the accessory exocrine glands of the digestive system?

secretes enzymes and other substances into the alimentary canal

what is special about the pancreas?

it is the only organ that is both endocrine and exocrine

ingestion

intaking food or drink by the oral cavity

digestion

breaking food down into nutrients

absorption

the process where nutrients are absorbed into the body

egestion

defecation (poop)

what are food residues?

cellulose

what are the four major types of organic compounds?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

what are the divisions of the alimentary canal?

mouth → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → anus

what is fauces?

the hole in the back of the mouth

what is the superior labial frenulum?

a band of tissue connecting the teeth to the upper lip and gumline

what is the inferior labial frenulum?

a band of tissue connecting the teeth to the lower lip and gumline

what are the three parts of the tooth?

crown, neck, root

what is enamel?

the hard layer outside of the tooth crown

what are the two parts of the crown?

anatomical crown and clinical crown

anatomical crown

the superior portion of the tooth that is covered by enamel

clinical crown

the portion of the anatomical crown visible above the gingiva (gum)

what is a root canal?

the distal portion of the pulp cavity

what is the occlusal surface of the crown?

the portion of the crown that contacts opposing teeth

what are cusps?

the elevations present on the occlusal surface of the crown

incisors

chisel-shaped teeth used for biting, crown is chisel-shaped, only one root

canines

pointed teeth used for tearing, crown has one cusp, only one root

premolars

broad teeth used for grinding, crown has two cusps, there is one or two roots

molars

broad teeth used for grinding and crushing, crown has 3-5 cusps, there is 2 or 3 roots

what are deciduous teeth?

baby teeth

when do baby teeth come in?

six months after birth

how many baby teeth are there

20

when do baby teeth fall out?

at six years old

how many total adult teeth?

32

what material are the teeth made up of?

phosphate and calcium carbonate

what is the pulp cavity?

consists of highly vascularized loose connective tissues, containing many sensory nerve fibers

the teeth are innervated by maxillary and mandibular branches of the Trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)

what are dental caries?

cavities

what is gingivitis?

gum inflammation

what is pyorrhea?

infection of the tooth socket (alveolar socket)

What is an impacted wisdom tooth?

wisdom tooth comes in at an angle

What is mastication?

chewing

What is deglutition?

swallowing

what are the chemoreceptors on the tongue?

sensory neurons

what are the three types of tonsils?

palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils

what are adenoids?

enlarged pharyngeal tonsils

what type of tissue is inside the tonsils?

macrophages and lymphocytes

what are immunoglobins?

inactive foreign substances

what is tonsillitis?

inflammation of the palatine tonsils

what is a tonsillectomy?

surgical removal of the palatine tonsils

where are the parotid salivary glands?

in front and below the ears

what are mumps?

inflamed parotid glands

what is the function of saliva?

chemical break down complex compounds into simple compounds

what are the two parts of the palate?

anterior hard palate and posterior soft palate

what is the pharynx?

throat

what is the oropharynx?

isthmus of fauces

where is the laryngopharynx?

from the hyoid bone to esophagus

what is a bolus?

a ball of food

what is the function of the epiglottis?

to prevent food from entering the larynx

what is the esophagus?

a tube that extends from the laryngopharynx to the stomach

what is peristalsis?

unidirectional wave-like smooth muscle contractions

Where is the stomach located?

left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity

what is acid reflux?

heart burn

what are the three parts of the stomach?

fundus, body, pylorus

what is the gastroesophageal sphincter?

a valve between the esophagus and the stomach

what is the pyloric sphincter?

a valve between the stomach and duodenum

greater curvature of the stomach

outside curve of the stomach

lesser curvature of the stomach

the inside curve of the stomach

what are the functions of the greater omentum?

1. cushions underlying internal organs

2. protects underlying internal organs from the spread of infection

3. stores fat

what is gastric rugae?

ridges

what is chyme?

the function of the stomach to churn, mix, and hold the partially digested food

where is hydrochloric acid created?

parietal cells

where is pepsinogen created?

chief cells or principal cells

what does pepsin do?

breaks down proteins

what substances are normally absorbed through the stomach?

water, monosaccharides, alcohol, aspirin

what is a gastric ulcer?

sore

what are gastric ulcers caused by?

caused by helicobacter pylori

what is flatulence?

gas

what is pyloric stenosis?

construction of the pyloric stensosis

how long is the small intestine?

20 feet long

what are the three parts of the small intestine?

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

what function happens in the duodenum?

digestion

what is the functions of the jejunum and ileum?

absorption of nutrients

what are lacteals?

lymphatic organs that absorbs fat from the small intestine

what is the function of the microvilli in the small intestine?

to increase surface area for absorption

where is bile produced?

in the liver

where is bile stored?

in the gallbladder

what does bile contain?

mucus, bilirubin, cholesterol, lecithin (a phospholipid), fatty acids, and bile sacs (steroids)

what is the function of bile?

to dissolve fats in water

what is the hepato-pancreatic sphincter?

a valve between the liver and pancreas

what is the large intestine?

a 4 foot long tube that extends from the ileocecal sphincter to the anus

what is the ascending colon?

the section of the colon that goes up

what is the transverse colon?

the section of the colon that goes across

what is the descending colon?

the section of the colon that goes down

what is the sigmoid colon?

s-shaped section of the colon

what is the rectum?

the section between the anus and sigmoid colon

what is the anus?

terminal end of the colon

what are sacculations on the large intestine called?

haustra

what is the main function of the large intestine?

water storage and bacterial digestion

what bacteria is commonly found in the large intestine?

E. coli

what is the function of the appendix?

contains WBC and lymphatic organs to fight infection

what does vermiform mean?

wormlike