Ap human geography

Space-Time Convergence

The idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enables more rapid communication and increased interaction between those places.

Environment determinism

the belief that a physical environment affects social and cultural development.

Possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

possibilism vs environmental determinism

Geographic viewpoint--a response to determinism--that holds that human decision making, not the environment, is the crucial factor in cultural development. Nonetheless, possibilists view the environment as providing a set of broad constraints that limit the possibilities of human choice.

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

Stage 1 of Demographic Transition Model

low growth - high birth rate, high death rate, (birth and death rate cancel each other out), and low population growth

Stage 2 of Demographic Transition Model

high growth - high birth rate, falling death rate, high population growth (society: from agricultural to urbanized, raising quality of life)

Stage 3 of Demographic Transition Model

moderate growth - falling birth rate, low death rate, steady population growth (urbanized and more industrialized families have less children)

Stage 4 of Demographic Transition Model

low/stationary growth - (SPL) low birth rate, low death rate, steady/stationary population growth

Stage 5 of Demographic Transition Model

population DECLINE - when the population starts to decrease in number

The changing roles of women

Poor- worked at menial, tedious jobs for very low wages.

Wealthy- stayed at home, had less power outside it

Middle- became involved in reform movements (abolition, suffrage)

Thomas Malthus

1798 said human population can outgrow food supply; result will be war, famine, disease.

Irish Potato Famine

A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease. Irish farmers grew other food items, such as wheat and oats, but Great Britain required them to export those items to them, leaving nothing for the Irish to live on. As a result, over 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, while millions of others migrated to the United States.

Pro-Natalist Policies

Government policies to increase the rate of natural increase

Anti-Natalist Policies

government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

asylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

Typical migrant

Male, adult individual.

Remittances

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

Cultural traits

a particular group's individual skills, customs, and ways of doing things

cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

Placemaking

the process of creating a comfortable personal environment that reflects the values, experiences, and tastes of the couple

arithmetic density (crude density)

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Population Density

The number of people per unit area of arable land

arable land

land suitable for growing crops

Diffusion

The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time

Hierarchical Diffusion

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

Relocation Diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

Stimulus Diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

Cartogram Map

A map in which the shape or size is distorted in order to demonstrate a variable such as travel, population or economic production

Choropleth Map

A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area.

Isoline Map

A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.

Syncretism

a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith

sequent occupance

the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

Pilgrim

a person who makes a journey for religious reasons

Universal Religion

religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those who live in a particular location

ethnic religion

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

How are Islam, Judaism, and Christianity similar?

they all have one god and recognize Abraham as their founder

Islam Hearth

Mecca, Saudi Arabia

Islam Diffusion

Expansion- Military force, missionaries, merchants

Islam sacred sites

Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem

Hajj (Islam)

The fifth pillar of the Muslim faith: visit Mecca at least once in your lifetime

Judaism Hearth

Jerusalem, Isreal

Judaism Diffusion

relocation

Judaism sacred sites

Western Wall

Christianity hearth

Jerusalem

Christianity diffusion

Expansion

Christianity sacred sites

Bethlehem and Jerusalem

Christianity significant difference

They believe in Jesus

Hinduism Hearth

India

Hinduism diffusion

Relocation

Hinduism sacred site

Varanasi/Ganges River

Hinduism differences

Reincarnation

Buddhism Hearth

India

Buddhism diffusion

relocation and contagious

Buddhism sacred site

Under the Bodhi Tree in Bodh Gaya, India

Buddhism differences

Enlightenment occurs in one lifetime