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What was a major reason for the failure of the Chartists' demonstrations in 1848?

The middle classes, coopted by the Reform Bill of 1832, refused to join the Chartists.

Which class held political power across most of Europe after the revolutions of 1848?

The aristocracy.

What became increasingly important to industrial economies beginning in the 1840s?

Factory-produced goods.

Why did Charles Dickens write passionately about the working class?

He had to work in a shoe-polish factory as a child after his father was imprisoned for debt.

Compared to other regions, what was notable about peasant properties in France during the nineteenth century?

France had more economically independent peasants tending their own--albeit modest--properties.

In 1830, which territory did France invade and establish control over?

Algeria, and Tahiti.

What significant achievement did Belgium accomplish in 1835?

Opened the first continental railway built with public money raised by bonds.

The Treaty of Nanking in 1842 forced China to allow what trade to continue?

Opium Trade.

What were workers called in England who wrecked machinery and burned mills?

Luddites.

What distinguished Marx and Engels from other socialist intellectuals?

The Communist Manifesto became the foundation document for communist revolutions around the world.

What was one major problem shared by the failed uprisings of 1848 across Italy, Germany, and the Austrian Empire?

The rebels' failure to agree on goals beyond overthrowing the existing government.

Who was the first European socialist to use the word 'communist'?

Étienne Cabet.

What was the main difference between colonialism and imperialism?

Colonialism typically involved settlers dependent on slave labor, while imperialism involved more indirect forms of economic exploitation and political domination.

What form of government was established in France after the 1848 revolution?

A republic that lasted four years.

What was the initial step toward German political unification in the nineteenth century?

The establishment of the Zollverein in 1834.

What false statement about the Industrial Revolution could be made regarding factory employment by the 1840s?

By the 1840s, a full 35 percent of the British labor force was employed in factories.

Who founded Young Italy in 1831?

Giuseppe Mazzini.

Which significant war was sparked by Russia's aggression against the Ottoman Empire?

The Crimean War.

What led to Italian unification in 1861?

The kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia's industry, economy, army, and backing of France.

What position did Otto von Bismarck hold in 1862?

Chancellor of Prussia.

What policy did Bismarck advocate to build a powerful Germany?

'Not by speeches and majority decisions . . . but by iron and blood.'

What did the new German constitution provide for?

A legislative assembly, the Reichstag, elected by universal male suffrage.

What territory did the United States add to its borders in 1848?

California.

Why did southern states secede from the United States in 1860?

After President Lincoln's promulgation of the Emancipation Proclamation.

What year did Canada become a united, self-governing dominion?

1867. 
      

Which canal opened in 1869 and connected two significant bodies of water?

The Suez Canal connected the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea.

What analysis method did Europeans believe could solve social problems?

Positivism.

Which empire was referred to as the 'sick man of Europe'?

The Ottoman Empire.

Who was the 'architect of the new Italy'?

Camillo di Cavour.

What did Bismarck use to provoke France into declaring war on Prussia?

The altered content of the Ems Telegram.

According to Karl Marx in Das Kapital, what determined the organization of society?

The relationships governing work or production.

What is the title of Charles Darwin's influential 1859 book?

On the Origin of Species.

Who combined economic liberalism with authoritarian rule in France?

Napoleon III.

What does 'capital intensive' mean in terms of industrialization?

Large amounts of money are needed to buy expensive machinery and equipment.

What longstanding policy did France and Germany abandon in the late 1870s?

Free trade.

How did nation builders often connect national identity?

With industrial prosperity and imperial expansion.

Which territory did France follow up its colonization of Algeria with?

Tunisia.

Which European ruler is known for inflicting the worst atrocities during imperialist rule?

Belgian king Leopold II.

What kickstarted the scramble for African colonies among European countries in the early 1880s?

Leopold of Belgium claiming a huge territory in the Congo region.

What medical discovery facilitated European conquest in Africa?

Quinine.

What was the Indian National Congress founded in 1885?

An organization by educated Indian elites who sometimes challenged British rule.

Which ancient states were formed into the Union of Indochina by France in 1887?

Cochin China, Tonkin, Annam, and Cambodia.

What helped Japan escape European imperialism?

Its preservation of Japanese culture during modernization.

What did the Meiji government not tolerate?

Opposition to modernization.

Why did many emigrants leave Sicily, Ireland, and Scandinavia in the nineteenth century?

Rapid population growth leading to insufficient jobs.

What institutions did educated reformers establish to alleviate working-class poverty?

Settlement houses.

Which group successfully struck in 1888 to end fines for tardiness?

Match girls.

What was the goal of the Second International founded in 1889?

To promote Marxist communist revolution.

Which working-class party was the largest by 1890?

The Social Democratic Party in Germany.

Why did nineteenth-century Marxist leaders often exclude women?

Out of fear of losing 'masculine camaraderie.'

What pretext did Bismarck use to outlaw the German Social Democratic Party in 1878?

An unsuccessful assassination attempt on Emperor William I.

What was one main purpose of the Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria in 1879?

To defend against Russian aggression.

Why did Kaiser William II dismiss Bismarck?

He thought Bismarck might hinder his nationalistic plans.

Why was the term 'modern' applied to this historical period?

Because it captures the accelerated pace of life and urbanization.

What theory did Sigmund Freud propose that alarmed many?

Humans are motivated by irrational drives, not just logical thought.

How did Max Weber differ from positivists?

He believed intuition might be more effective in a crisis than rational laws.

What did late-nineteenth-century pragmatists argue about human understanding?

It is dependent on complex daily conditions, not definitive theories.

Which of the following was not a scientific innovation listed?

Watson and Crick's discovery of DNA.

What did various groups critical of nationalism in Eastern Europe aim for?

Freedom of expression for artists, particularly the avant-garde.

What highlighted the growing power of European working classes by the turn of the century?

The election victories of workers' political parties.

How did V. I. Lenin rise to prominence within Russian Marxist circles?

By outmaneuvering the Mensheviks at a party meeting in 1903.

What social policy was initiated by Liberals in 1911 to support the unemployed?

National Insurance Act.

What was the primary concern of German rural aristocrats by the turn of the century?

The erosion of their power base due to agriculture's decline.

What event initiated the Boer War in 1902?

Cecil Rhodes' raid into the Transvaal.

After the Spanish-American War, what territories did Spain lose?

Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

Which country did Russia encourage anti-Japanese sentiments in?

Korea.

What triggered the Russian Revolution of 1905?

Troops firing on workers protesting against inhumane conditions.

What did different societal groups unite for during the Russian Revolution of 1905?

In response to violence against protesters and demands for reforms.

What helped Sun Yat-Sen overthrow the Qing dynasty in 1911?

The Qing's loss of credibility after the failed Boxer Uprising.

Which country did Germany risk conflict with by asserting strength in Morocco?

France.

What did political leaders fear regarding the arms buildup before World War I?

Cutting back would lead to unemployment and unrest.

What ultimatum did Austria-Hungary send to Serbia following Archduke Francis Ferdinand's assassination?

Presence of Austrian officials in the assassination investigation.

What prompted Britain to enter World War I in 1914?

Germany violated Belgian neutrality.

What were the two opposing camps in World War I?

Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Turkey) and Allies (France, Great Britain, Russia, Japan).

Why was World War I termed a 'total war'?

Involved the entire industrial capacity of the state along with civilian mobilization.

What provocation led to US involvement in World War I?

Unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany.

What caused major discontent in European cities during the spring of 1917?

Food shortages and deteriorating living conditions.

What did not occur in the European efforts to end the war by 1917?

A rebellion in Vienna led by students seizing the Austrian parliament.

Which country suffered the greatest number of casualties in World War I?

Russia, with about 7.5 million dead.

How did the Germans attempt to destabilize Russia in April 1917?

By enabling safe transport for Lenin and Bolshevik leaders back to Russia.

What did the Bolsheviks agree to after overthrowing the Provisional Government?

Support for elections to a constituent assembly.

Why did the Russian Provisional Government lose popular support?

Failure to achieve military victories.

What did the Peace of Paris treaties prohibit regarding Austria and Germany?

Unification.

Which statement is false about the Treaty of Versailles?

No military officer could serve in the government.

Why was the League of Nations weak upon establishment?

The United States, Soviet Union, and Germany did not participate.

What generated outrage in Germany after the Treaty of Versailles?

The 'war guilt' clause.

What was a lasting effect of World War I on language?

The entry of military terms like 'lousy' and 'trenchcoat' into common usage.

Which country remained a monarchy after World War I?

Great Britain.

What did European economies experience by the late 1920s?

Renewed prosperity.

What was Lenin's New Economic Policy designed to do?

To reverse war communism and allow some free-market activity.

How did Mussolini come to power in Italy in 1922?

His followers marched on Rome, causing the king to invite him to be prime minister.

What ideology was emphasized by Mussolini's Fascist movement?

Action and nationalist opposition to undesirable groups.

What political structure did Mussolini introduce in Italy?

Fascist corporatism, prioritizing duty to the state over individual rights.

What led to a global economic depression after the U.S. stock market crash?

American lenders calling in international debts.

Which European country suffered the least disruption during the Great Depression?

France.

Despite economic challenges, which Eastern European country increased industrial capacity?

Romania.

What was not a source of social tension during the Great Depression?

Many people fleeing cities and overwhelming rural communities.

What concern was universally shared by politicians in the 1930s?

Falling birthrates weakening nations.

How did Mohandas Gandhi resist British rule in India?

Through civil disobedience.

What was the purpose of Stalin's Five-Year Plan initiated in 1929?

To end the Soviet Union's economic backwardness.