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In 1848, the Chartists staged the largest demonstrations in their ten-year history, yet they failed to win their point because _________.

the middle classes, coopted by the Reform Bill of 1832, refused to join the Chartists.

After the revolutions of 1848, the political power across most of Europe belonged to the _________.

The aristocracy

Beginning in the 1840s, factory-produced good became increasingly important to industrial economies.

Iron

Charles Dickens (1812-1870) wrote with passion and insight about working-class men and women because he himself _____.

had to work in a shoe-polish factory as a child after his father was imprisoned for debt.

Compared to England, Prussia, southern Italy, and eastern Europe, France in the nineteenth century had __________.

more economically independent peasants tending their own--albeit modest--properties.

In 1830, France invaded and established political control over Algeria and _________.

Tahiti

In 1835, only five years after becoming an independent nation, _________ country opened the first continental railway built with public money raised by bonds.

Belgium

In 1842, the Treaty of Nanking forced China to permit a continuation of the _________.

Opium Trade

In England, workers who wrecked machinery and burned mills were called _________.

Luddites.

In terms of their impact, what set Marx and Engels apart from other socialist and communist intellectuals?

The Communist Manifesto became the foundation document for communist revolutions around the world.

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You haven't studied these terms yet!

Select these 149

In the early nineteenth century, few peasant households fit the ideal middle-class family structure because _________.

Men frequently migrated seasonally to earn money in factories, leaving women at home to tend crops and animals.

Many European countries began to close the industrial gap with Great Britain from 1800 to 1840, _________.

but by 1850, continental Europe was still almost twenty years behind Great Britain in industrialization.

The candidate who won the first presidential election after the French Revolution of 1848 was _________.

Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte.

The failure of the 1848 uprisings in Italy, Germany, and the Austrian Empire had their individual causes, but they shared one major problem _________.

the rebels' failure to agree on goals beyond overthrowing the existing government.

The first European socialist to use the word communist was _________.

Étienne Cabet.

The main difference between colonialism and imperialism was that _________.

colonialism typically involved settlers dependent on slave labor, whereas imperialism involved more indirect forms of economic exploitation and political domination.

The Paris revolution in 1848 overthrew Louis-Philippe and established _________.

a republic that lasted four years, only to be replaced by another monarchy.

The road to German political unification in the nineteenth century began with the _________.

establishment of the Zollverein in 1834.

Which one of the following statements about the Industrial Revolution is false?

By the 1840s, a full 35 percent of the British labor force was employed in factories.

Young Italy, an Italian nationalist group, was founded in 1831 by the exiled nationalist.

Giuseppe Mazzini.

The revolutions of 1848 led to all of the following developments except

the fall of the Second Empire.

Napoleon III offered the Austrian emperor Francis Joseph's brother, Maximilian,

control of Mexico and ultimately of all Central America.

The Crimean War began as a war between

Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

In the Crimean War of 1853-1856, Britain and France fought to

defend the Ottoman Empire from dismemberment by Russia.

Italian unification in 1861 was led by the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia because

it had industry, a good economy, a strong army, and the backing of France.

William I appointed Otto von Bismarck chancellor in 1862 in the hopes that he would

put down the growing power of the liberals in the Prussian parliament.

Bismarck sought to convince William I and the Junkers that a more powerful Germany could be built

not "by speeches and majority decisions . . . but by iron and blood."

The constitution of the newly united German state provided for a legislative assembly, the Reichstag, elected by universal male suffrage because Bismarck believed that

"ordinary" Germans would be more conservative and loyal to the monarchy than the liberals in the Prussian parliament

In 1848, the United States added which of the following to its territory?

California

Many southern states of the young United States seceded to form the Confederate States of America in 1860, following

President Lincoln's promulgation of the Emancipation Proclamation

The British made Canada a united, self-governing dominion in 1867, in part to

undercut a demand by the United States that it be allowed to annex Canada

The Suez Canal, opened in 1869, connected the

Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

Many Europeans thought that they could solve all social problems by a scientific analysis of facts known as

positivism

The declining power of the _____________________ led this empire to be called the "sick man of Europe."

Ottaman

The "architect of the new Italy" was __________________, prime minister of the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia in the 1850s.

Camillo di Cavour

Otto von Bismarck distorted and made public the contents of the _________________ to inflame French pride and to trick France into declaring war on Prussia in 1870.

ems telegram

In Das Kapital, _______________ held that the organization of any society, including its politics and culture arose from the relationships governing work or production.

Karl Marx

Charles Darwin's notion of nature evolving through a constant struggle to survive was central to his sensational 1859 book, _____________.

on the origin of species

___________________ combined economic liberalism with authoritarian rule and tried to convince other European leaders that this was the most effective way to rule.

napoleon III

In the late nineteenth century, industrialization tended to be capital intensive, which means that

Large amounts of money were needed to buy expensive machinery and equipment.

In the late 1870s, France and Germany abandoned what longstanding liberal policy?

free-trade

Nation builders often connected national identity and pride with

industrial prosperity and imperial expansion.

The French followed up their colonization of Algeria by occupying

Tunisia

Although cruelty abounded under imperialist rule, the European ruler known for inflicting the worst atrocities was

Belgian king Leopold 11.

In the early 1880s, a scramble among European countries for colonies in Africa was touched off by

Leopold of Belgium claiming a huge territory in the Congo region.

The discovery of this medicine removed a roadblock to European conquest of Africa.

quinine

The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, was

organized by educated Indian elites who accepted aspects of British liberalism but occasionally challenged British rule.

In 1887, France created the Union of Indochina from the ancient states of Cochin China, Tonkin, Annam, and

Cambodia.

Japan escaped European imperialism as a result of all of the following except

its abandonment of Japanese culture in favor of Western arts and values.

In pursuing its program for modernization, the Meiji government

did not tolerate anyone who opposed modernization.

In general, large numbers of emigrants departed from rural Sicily, Ireland, and Scandinavia because

the population was expanding so rapidly that these home countries did not have enough jobs to employ the growing labor pool.

To understand and alleviate working-class poverty, some educated reformers in the nineteenth century established

settlement houses.

In 1888, these London workers successfully struck to end fines of a day's wages for being a few minutes late for work.

match girls

The Second International (1889) was an organization that sought

Marxist communist revolution.

Socialism led to a number of working-class parties, of which the largest by 1890 was the

Social Democratic Party in Germany.

Nineteenth-century Marxist leaders

often excluded women from their political parties, unions, and clubs for fear of losing the sense of "masculine camaraderie."

What pretext did German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) use to outlaw the German Social Democratic Party in 1878?

an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Emperor William I

One of the main purposes of the Dual Alliance concluded by Germany and Austria in 1879 was to

defend against Russian aggression, particularly in the Balkans.

Kaiser William II dismissed Bismarck because

he became convinced that Bismarck not only hindered his nationalistic plans but also might prove to be a rival for power.

The term modern was often applied to this period because it

captures the accelerated pace of life, urbanization, mass politics, and artistic responses to all of these changes.

Sigmund Freud's theory of the human psyche alarmed many because it stated that

humans were motivated by irrational drives, not only by logical thought

One way Max Weber differed from positivists was that he asserted that

a leader who acted on intuition might be better able to deal with a crisis than laws or bureaucracies based on rational or scientific approaches.

The work of some late-nineteenth-century philosophers known as pragmatists and relativists reflected a change in Western perceptions of the world and argued that

human understanding was contingent upon the complex conditions of daily existence, and therefore no theory or standard was ever definitive.

Which of the following was not a scientific innovation during this period?

Watson and Crick's discovery of DNA

A number of groups critical of growing nationalism sprang up in central and eastern Europe in the attempt to secure freedom of expression for

artists, particularly the avant-garde.

The power of European working classes at the turn of the century is most evident in

the victories of candidates from workers' political parties who won elections to national legislatures.

V. I. Lenin (1870-1924) was able to come to prominence in Russian Marxist circles by

using his Bolshevik faction to outflank the Mensheviks at an important party meeting in 1903.

In 1911, Liberals initiated a new social policy funded by new taxes on the wealthy known as the

National Insurance Act, a system of relief for the unemployed.

By the turn of the century, German rural aristocrats particularly resented the

erosion of their power base as agriculture plummeted relative to industry.

The Boer War, which ended with Britain's defeat of the Boers in 1902, began when

Cecil Rhodes ordered a raid into the Transvaal to stir up dissension between the Boers and British immigrants.

After a brief war in 1898, Spain lost Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to

the United States.

Russia encouraged anti-Japanese groups in which country?

Korea

The Russian Revolution of 1905 was caused by

troops firing on a crowd of workers protesting their inhumane working conditions.

Despite the different goals of peasants, industrial workers, professionals, and others participating in the Russian Revolution of 1905, they united because of

violence against protesters and the tsar's refusal to make genuine constitutional reforms.

Sun Yat-Sen and his followers were able to overthrow the Qing dynasty and declare China a republic in 1911 because of

the Qing's loss of credibility after it supported the failed Boxer Uprising.

In 1905 and 1911, Germany risked conflict with France by attempting to assert its strength in

Morocco

Political leaders were reluctant to call a halt to the arms buildup in the years leading up to the outbreak of World War I because

they feared that cutting back would lead to unemployment and unrest.

Following the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife in Serbia on July 28 1914, Austria-Hungary sent an ultimatum to Serbia with certain demands, Serbia accepted all of the many terms of the Austrian ultimatum except one, namely,

the presence of Austrian officials in the assassination investigation.

Britain entered World War I in 1914 when

Germany violated Belgian neutrality.

Upon the outbreak of World War I, the world quickly devolved into two armed and allied camps; the "Central Powers" consisting of

Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Turkey, and the "Allies," consisting of France, Great Britain, Russia, and Japan.

World War I was called a "total war" because

the entire industrial capacity of the state, as well as all civilian and military personnel, was mobilized to fight the war.

The single most significant aspect of German military policy in terms of its provocative effect on the United States and subsequent U.S. involvement in the war was

unrestricted submarine warfare.

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!

A major source of discontent in the cities across Europe in the spring of 1917 was

food shortages and deteriorating living conditions.

By 1917, efforts to put an end to the war mushroomed across the European continent, including all of the following except

a rebellion in Vienna led by students who temporarily took hold of the Austrian parliament.

Among all the combatants the world over, the country that suffered the greatest number of casualties, with some 7.5 million dead during World War I, was

Russia

In April 1917, the Germans moved to destabilize Russia by

providing safe rail transportation back to Russia for Lenin and other Bolsheviks.

After the Bolsheviks overthrew Kerensky's Provisional Government, they agreed to support elections for a constituent assembly, which led

to a disappointing show of support for the Bolsheviks.

The Russian Provisional Government lost popular support because it

failed to win military victories.

The Peace of Paris, negotiated over six months in 1919 and 1920, led to a series of treaties that expressly forbade

unification of Austria and Germany

Which of the following was not imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles?

No military officer could serve in any capacity in the government.

The League of Nations was weakened at the outset when

the United States, the Soviet Union, and Germany did not or could not participate.

Of all the penalties imposed by the Treaty of Versailles, the one that generated the most outrage in Germany was the

"war guilt" clause.

One of the lasting effects of World War I was that

certain military terms and soldiers' slang entered common usage, such as lousy, trenchcoat, rank and file, and basket case.

Which of the following countries remained a monarchy after World War I ended?

Great Britain

By the late 1920s, the economies of Europe were

enjoying renewed prosperity.

Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) broke with his war communism policy because it

reversed the policy of absolute nationalization and allowed some free-market activity.

Benito Mussolini, the leader of the Italian Fascists, became prime minister in 1922 when

his followers marched on Rome, a threatened coup that caused the king to invite Mussolini to become prime minister.

The Italian Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) placed its greatest emphasis on

"virile" action and nationalist opposition to undesirable groups and ways of life.

The type of national political structure introduced in Italy by Mussolini was

fascist corporatist, which privileged duty to the state over individual rights.

The U.S. stock market crash led to a global economic depression because

American lenders called in their international debts, which undermined banks and industry abroad.

Although all European countries suffered during the Great Depression, the country listed below that experienced the least disruption to its productive capacity was

France

Despite the depression and being far less developed economically than their Western neighbors, some eastern European countries increased industrial capacity, particularly

Romania

Which of the following does not accurately describe a source of social tension during the Great Depression?

Many people fled the cities, overwhelming the ability of rural communities to support their own population

In the 1930s, although the views of politicians varied, one concern shared by all was that

falling birthrates meant a serious weakening or imminent collapse of individual nations, if not European society altogether

Mohandas Gandhi fought against British colonial rule of India by

practicing civil disobedience

In 1929, Joseph Stalin intended to end the Soviet Union's backwardness with an ambitious industrial expansion program called the

Five-Year Plan

Stalin's use of terror tactics to assure fulfillment of the production quotas in the 1930s

made lying, such as the falsification of production figures, and corruption permanent features of the Soviet Communist system

When new elections were held in March 1932, prior to Hitler's appointment as chancellor, the Nazis

increased their share of the vote, but again failed to win a majority of Reichstag seats

Hitler came to power in 1933 after

conservatives had to choose between Hitler and his Communists rival for chancellor and chose Hitler, believing he would be easier to manipulate

Hitler used which of the following events as an excuse to suspend civil liberties and launch a brutal crackdown on his political opponents?

the burning of Reichstag

Hitler's policies in the 1930s differed from those he would adopt by about 1941 in the earlier years, he had

sought the emigration or expulsion of Jews rather than their extermination

An antifascist coalition government such as the French Popular Front would have been impossible in democratic countries before 1936 because

Stalin had just reversed his ban on international Communists participating in coalition governments

The Japanese attempted to portray their aggression in Asia as

freeing the region from Western imperialism

One aspect of both Mussolini's and Hitler's political ideologies that proved appealing to many

virulent anti-Communism

Western leaders and helped to encourage appeasement later was theirIn 1936, both France and Britain led Mussolini to believe that they would do little to stop fascist aggression when they

thwarted an attempt by some members of the League of Nations to impose a rigorous embargo on Italy following Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia

The Nazi-Soviet Pact signed on August 23, 1939, stunned the world because it

created a nonaggression agreement between fascist Germany and the Communist Soviet Union, despite their ideological hatred of each other.

The relentless German bombing of British cities in the summer of 1940 is known as the

battle of Britain

Hitler tried to justify his 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union by calling that country the

"center of judeo-bolshevism"

In October 1944, Churchill's meeting with Stalin on the postwar distribution of territories disturbed Roosevelt because

their agreements violated the U.S. government's promotion of collective security, self-determination, and free trade

1. One reason World War II was more destructive in Europe than the World War I was that

armies in World War II had fought a war of movement, leveling thousands of square miles of territory, a development already foreshadowed in part by the use of tanks at the close of World War I

The demands of total war in the Soviet Union had encouraged independent initiative and relaxed Communist oversight, a development that Stalin

ruthlessly reversed through increased repression, increased production goals, and a still more radical collectivization of agriculture

In his policies toward the Soviet Union, Truman

was tougher than Roosevelt, cutting off aid as soon as the war ended

The Marshall Plan aimed to provide

food, equipment, and services to war-devastated Europe

The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union agreed to Germany's division into four occupation zones during a meeting held in

Yalta

When, in 1948, the Soviets blockaded Berlin, situated more than 100 miles inside the Soviet zone, the United States responded by

staging Operation Vittles, an ongoing airlift that supplied the residents of Berlin with food and fuel into the spring of 1949

The Allied victors all believed that one of their tasks in occupied Germany was ideological reorientation, a task that Stalin accomplished through

the confiscation and redistribution of land, particularly the estates of wealthy Germans

Following the war, the political party in Europe that reflected a coalition of Communists and socialists and pursued liberal economic reform and democratic reform was the

Christian Democrats

Two events in 1949 that helped precipitate a nationwide Communist witch hunt championed by Senator Joseph McCarthy were

the Soviet's explosion of an atomic bomb and the Communist revolution in China

From 1949 to 1954, a wave of anti-Communist hysteria that included book burnings and investigations of over six million people spread over

The United States

In 1949, the Soviet Union created regional economic organizations in order to

facilitate economic cooperation between the Soviet Union and its satellite countries

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, or COMECON,

stunted eastern European development by forcing satellite nations to buy exorbitantly priced Soviet-made goods and to sell their own goods to the USSR at a loss

In 1956, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) criticized

Stalin's misguided political and economical policies and his "cult of personality."

In 1956, an uprising in Hungary finally precipitated an invasion by Soviet forces when

Hungarian leader Imre Nagy announced that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact

Yuri Gagarin caused great concern in the United States. What did he do to become famous?

He was the first man to orbit the earth, thus demonstrating the Soviet Union's advances in space technology

In 1950, the United Nations' Security Council approved a "police action" that deployed troops in

Korea

Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) and his peasant guerrilla forces finally forced the French to withdraw from Indochina in 1954 after the savage battle of

Dien Bien Phu

In 1947, Britain gave up its control of Palestine to

the United Nations

Whereas France's Third Republic collapsed with the German invasion in 1940, the Fourth Republic fell in 1958 as a result of

the war to retain French control of Algeria

The Voice of America was

an institution that used culture as a weapon in the cold war

In the 1960s, Arthur C. Clarke's 2001 A Space Odyssey not only reflected the enormous popular interest in space but also showed that science fiction was increasingly

addressing issues about life and humanity that were formerly addressed by church leaders

In 1952, scientists Francis Crick and James Watson discovered

the configuration of DNA, thus vastly expanding our knowledge of biological inheritance

Although the new multinational corporations opened factories and employed workers in impoverished areas of the world beginning in the 1960s, these brought little wealth to such countries because

multinationals paid these workers little, and the company's profits went to the shareholders, who usually lived in the wealthier countries

The "new working class" in postindustrial society undermined old socioeconomic distinctions because

those who performed service work or managerial functions were not necessarily paid better than blue-collar workers

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!

Which of the following was not an aspect of the postindustrial society in Soviet eastern-bloc countries?

widespread use of television and radio for entertainment and information

Soviet-bloc nations often had great difficulty applying their achievements in science to commercial applications because of

an inefficient, bureaucratic approval process for innovations

Which of the following does not accurately reflect an aim of Ostpolitik?

a trade union with all German-speaking countries

The French president Charles de Gaulle's efforts to assert French independence in a world increasingly dominated by superpower rivalry involved all of the following measures except

a cooling of relations with West Germany in response to that country's agreement

The president who successfully shepherded the Civil Rights Act through the U.S. Congress, forbidding segregation in public facilities and job discrimination, was

Lyndon B. Johnson

The Black Panthers compared their struggle in the United States to the

struggles of formerly colonized peoples for independence

Which of the following was not a target of youth protest in the 1960s?

drugs and a widening drug culture

The 1968 student protests in France attracted workers as well as students, because both were demanding

a greater voice in official decision making, whether on campus or in the factory

In 1968, the Tet offensive in South Vietnam led many Americans to conclude that

the war would never be won

The Prague Spring in 1968 differed from the uprising in Hungary of 1956 in that it

grew out of the Czechoslovak Communist Party itself

Richard Nixon won election as president of the United States in 1968 partly because he promised to

bring peace to Vietnam

It came as an international surprise in 1972 when U.S. president Richard M. Nixon visited

China

In 1972, British troops fired on nationalists and civil rights demonstrators in an event known as "Bloody Sunday," which happened in

Northern Ireland

One important difference between the political and economic policies of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan on the one hand, and Helmut Kohl in Germany on the other hand, was that

even though he followed similar economic policies, Kohl did not employ divisive rhetoric and did not classify sections of his populace as lazy and unproductive.

Mikhail Gorbachev's economic "restructuring" program to increase productivity and the gradual introduction of market-based incentives was called

perestroika, which aimed to revitalize the Soviet economy by decentralizing control and allowing for greater autonomy in economic decision-making. In contrast, both Thatcher and Reagan often emphasized individual responsibility and market discipline, which sometimes alienated segments of their societies.