women 1800s pt 2

Sarah Baartman exhibitions

(most depressing thing ever), member of the Khoikoi tribe, Khoikoi epitome of the “savage", from east SA, impoverished and forced to work for colonists, SB grew up in between Khoikhoi and Dutch world, in 1790s met Pieter, a free black man who made SB work for her in Cape town, got traded/sold to British surgeon and taken to London, shown and treated like a freak animal, goes to Paris in 1814 and is studied by racist imperialist scientists, ambivalent/controversial response, dissected and remains displayed until 1974!, only returned to SA in 2002!

colonial exhibitions

colonized people on display by wealthy imperialist Europeans, to establish racial/gender/sex hierarchies and justify imperialism

freak show to ethnographical show

originally for illiterate public, disabled/”deformed”/ethnic people displayed, in early 1800s get rebranded as ethnographic shows which display ethnic/colonized peoples, scientific justification, from unique people to authentic representation of groups, Bartman displays bridged the gap,

British abolitionist response

Sarah seen as under 2 white men as Hendrik was portrayed as a white man, Boer people seen as “european savages”, with continued slavery proving that, conducted a problematic interview/court case

Haitian revolution

Haiti was under brutal slave rule and most important colony, France abolished slavery 1794 and reinstated under Napoleon, freed slaves fought French army and won in 1804, loomed large over French rep of SB,

Mitchell Venus Noire documents

Baartman biography and portrayal in different pop culture, primary sources: exhibition poster, body cast, and baptism certificate, anxieties about Haiti/Napoleon defeat, and french women being improper, plays, parody articles, cartoons

German colonial empire 1884-1918

short lived, connections to later German history, started late, racist, proof of empire/economic benefit/settler communities, more segregated than Britain/France, genocidal tactics in SW Africa,

Germany Unification

1871 by Otto von Bismarck, caused tension and strife throughout Europe

Berlin conferences 1878/1884

Berlin conferences brought together European powers fighting over territory, any territory not ruled by Europeans could be divided up and given to Europeans, war/conquest outside Europe is ok, colonization is necessary,

German SW Africa

modern day Namibia, first place conquered, wanted it to be a settler colony, confiscated farmable land and gave it to Germans, not many Germans lived there but the gov still took land

Herero and Nama war

1904, posed a real threat to German colonial rule, large amount of violence by Germany, 75/80% of Herero and 45/50% of Nama died, forced into concentration/internment camps,

German East Africa

more indigenous people, never established as effectively, only settlement on coast,

wildenthal article

relations between German mixed marriages were fraught and showed anxities about citizenship, men’s rights, and racial fears of the time

Science, medicine, body

started late 19th century, many racial theories, anxiety around fertility rates, science was a language of power, focused on people not in the gender/sex binary

history of sexology

tried to categorize all types of human sexual behavior, Von-Kraft Ebing published a book in 1886 about human sexual behavior he claimed were “deviant”, Ellis and Addington-Symonds brought eugenics to the mix, used language of evolution, tried forced sterilization, eugenics a way to defend hierarchies, imagined gender norms as natural, E and A both had LGBTQ+ experiences,

French history

royalty 2 to republic, coup is staged, second empire, republic put in after Prussian war, French defeat loomed over 3rd republic period, messy politics, republic is conservative until 1876, then education and censorship laws passed,

Jane Dieulafoy 1851-1916

found loophole to fight in prussian war, challenged and affirmed gender roles at the same time, traveled to Persia, language of nationalism, stories to work through gender,

Marc de Montifaud

art critic, controversial author, sentenced to asylum,

associational life

places where women could gather in public without scrutiny, often philanthropic, gave them some sort of identity, skills helped some to fight for women’s rights,

19th century feminism

lots of different kinds of feminism, gender and sex issue, relational vs individual feminism,

late 1700s-early 1800s

French revolution had a major influence on women’s rights, led people to question transition, conservative vs liberal vs radical, conservatives start as influential but lose it as the century goes on, socialism comes from radical movement, utopians vs scientific, most feminists came from upper class background, “maternal socialism/feminism”,

mid 1800s feminism/politics

influenced by revolutions of 1848, revs broke out in conservative/reactionary states, began in France, revolutions mostly failed, women participated but were demonized, shut down women’s political activism, women more involved in England b/c no revs,

late 1800s feminist politics

much more powerful, more focus on suffrage/property rights but lots of different demands, all over Europe, varied by country

British suffrage

Millicent Garrett-Fawcett and Emmeline Pankhurst, Pankhurst more radical