NHA MOD 1 Foundational Knowledge and Basic Science PART 2

metric quantities of weight

kilograms (kg), grams (g), milligrams (mg), and micrograms (mcg)

metric quantities of volume

deciliters (dL), liters (L), and milliliters (mL).

metric quantities of length

kilometers (km), meters (m), centimeters (cm), and millimeters (mm)

one form of medication that uses length measurements are ...

ointments (ammt to squeeze on application paper)

micro to base unit

divide by 1,000,000

milli to base unit

divide by 1000

centi to base unit

divide by 100

kilo to base unit

multiply by 1000

15 drops (gtt) =

1 mL

1 teaspoon (tsp) =

5 mL

1 tablespoon (tbsp) =

15 mL

1 fl oz - ___ tbsp

2

1 fl oz = ___ mL

30 mL

2 tbsp = ___mL

30

1 cup = ___mL

240 mL

1 pint = ___ mL

480 mL or about 500 mL

1 quart = __mL

960 mL or about 1 L

1 gallon = ___ mL

3,830 mL

1 kg = __ lbs

2.2 lbs

Medication for pediatric pts are sometimes based on the pts. _____

weight

A provider prescribes diphenhydramine 5 mg/kg/day divided into four doses per day for a child who weighs 88 lb. Available is diphenhydramine oral liquid 12.5 mg in 5 mL. How much should the child receive per dose?

1. First get 88lbs to kg

88lbs x 1 kg/2.2 lbs. = 40 kg

2. Find out how many mg of diphenhydramine per kg

There are 5 mg per kg so 5 mg/ 1 kg x 40 kg/ day, kg cancels so 200 mg per day

3. Find out the ammt per dose

There are 4 doses in 1 day so 200 mg/ day x 1 day/4 doses = 50 mg/ 1 dose

4. Convert to mL because medication is liquid

5 mL in 12.5 mg is given so 50 mg/ 1 dose = 5 mL / 12.5 mg = 250 mL / 12.5 doses = 20 mL / 1 dose

so final answer is 20 mL of diphenhydramine per dose (80 mL per day)

Body surface area calculation

BSA of childinm^2/ 1.7m^2 × adult dose = child's dose

____ calculations are accurate to calculate dose based on weight for children up to 12 using the adult dose as a guide

Body Surface Area

for conversions of the same system

move decimal left or right

King Henry Died by Drinking Chocolate Milk

kilo, hecto, deka, base, deci, centi, milli

kilo value is

1000

hecto value is

100

deka value is

10

deci value is

0.1

centi value is

0.01

milli value is

0.001

micro value is

0.000001

micro is the

millionth place (6 zeros including before . )

base metric values (mass, volume, length)

grams, Liter, meter

Move the decimal ___ when converting to a larger unit

LEFT

Move the decimal ___ when converting to a smaller unit

RIGHT

Move the decimal left when converting to a _____ unit

LARGER

Move the decimal right when converting to a _____ unit

SMALLER

The dosage of the medication is 15 mL, but the patient wants to measure it in teaspoons. If 5 mL equals 1 tsp, then 15 mL equals how many (X) tsp?

there are 15 mL in one dose and 5 mL = 1 tsp soo

15mL/ 1 dose x 1 tsp/ 5 mL = 15 mL/ 5 mL mL cancels so 3 tsp in 1 dose

formulations

process of combining an active drug with other ingredients to create a stable, effective, and patient-friendly medicinal product.

route

the way a medication is taken

aerosols are taken thru...

inhalation

caplets and capsules are taken thru...

oral

creams are taken thru... (hint 3 ways to be exact)

Topical, vaginal, rectal

drops are taken thru...

Otic, ophthalmic, nasal

dry powder is taken thru...

inhalation

elixirs are taken thru...

oral

emulsions are taken thru...

oral

foams are taken thru...

vaginal

gels are taken thru...

oral, topical, rectal

injectable liquids are taken thru... (hint at least 4)

IV, IM, subcutaneous, ID

liniments are taken thru...

topical

lotions are taken thru...

topical

lozenges are taken thru...

oral

mist are taken thru... (hint at least 2)

inhalation, nasal

ointments are taken thru... (hint at least 5)

Topical, ophthalmic, otic, vaginal, rectal

patches are taken thru...

topical

powders are taken thru...

topical

powders for reconstitution are taken thru...(hint at least 4)

IV, IM, subcutaneous, ID

solid/fluid extracts are taken thru...

oral

solutions are taken thru... (hint at least 5)

Oral, topical, vaginal, urethral, rectal

sprays are taken thru...(hint at least 4)

Topical, nasal, inhalation, sublingual

steam is taken thru...

inhalation

suppositories are taken thru...

vaginal, rectal

suspensions are taken thru...

oral

syrups are taken thru...

oral

tablets are taken thru...(hint at least 4)

Oral, buccal, sublingual, vaginal

tintctures are taken thru...

oral, topical

Three checks before administering medication

1. Check the medication against the prescription when selected.

2. Check the medication and prescription when preparing the dose.

3. Recheck the medication before restocking.

what is tall man

writing part of a drugs name in upper case letters to help distinguish sound-alike, look alike drugs from one another

NEVER use abbreviations for ....

medications

enteral route

Through the gastrointestinal tract

parenteral route

outside the gastrointestinal tract

parenteral refers to (hint 5)

intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, and intravenous.

Medical assistants do not give medications by routes that require nurses or providers such as (hint 3 at least)

intravenous, epidural, intrathecal

most common Nonparenteral Route is .....

oral (mouth, stomach, intestines)

intradermal

within the skin

intramuscular

within the muscle

subcutaneous

beneath the skin but over the muscle

topical

applied to the surface of the skin

common intradermal locations

skin of upper chest, forearms, upper back

common intramuscular locations

Deltoid, vastus lateralis, ventrogluteal muscles

common sub-Q locations

Upper arms, abdomen, buttocks, upper outer thighs

Pharmocokinetics

study of how medications enter the body, reach their site of action, metabolize, and exit the body.

four actions pharmacokinetics involves—

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Absorption

the body converting the medication into a form it can use and move into the bloodstream

An example of absorption with capsules

oral capsules move thru the stomach/intestines to be absorbed

speed of absorption can depend on ( I only have one way listed)

how easily the medication dissolve sin fat/ how fat soluble it is

Medications negatively affected by the gastrointestinal system require

parenteral administration, such as by injection.

distribution

transportation of the medication throughout the body.

the bloodstream carries the medication to the body's _____ and ______.

tissues and organs

some medications cross the placental barrier very easily, which is why many medications are risky for

pregnant patients

Metabolism

changes active forms of the medication into harmless metabolites ready for excretion through urine or feces.

Infants and older adults have the least efficient metabolism, so medication dosages are typically....

modified to compensate for this variation. (increased or decreased)

Excretion

removal of a medication's metabolites from the body

A medication's half-life is...

how long it takes for the processes of metabolism and excretion to eliminate half a dose of a medication.

If a patient does not receive the next dose before the half-life time, then

the therapeutic level of the medication will be too low (below the therapeutic range) to be effective.

Five Rights of Medication Administration + extra two more lol

1. Right Patient

2. Right Drug

3. Right Dose

4. Right Route

5. Right Time

6. right documentation

7. Right Technique

Most common two patient identifiers (Right Patient)

full name and date of birth

Right Medication (3 checks and when to check)

1. check the medication label (name and stuff including exp date) when taking the medication container from the storage cabinet or drawer.

2. check medication label when taking the medication from its container to prepare to administer it.

3. check when putting the container back in storage or discarding it.