Water born diseases + vector bron diseases

what causes bacterium cholera

Cholera is a disease caused by the Vibrio choleare bacterium

Who is at risk of cholera

Cholera is estimated reach 1.2 to 4 million cases every year

About 20 to 150 thousand people died from it

mainly poor regions affected, such as Southeast Asia, war-affected regions (Yemen), central and southern Africa

Children under 5 dehydrate quickly and have an undeveloped immune system

The elderly have a weak immune system

AIDS patients have a weak immune system

People living in slums, war-affected and overcrowded areas often lack proper cleaning facilities and waste disposal

what are the symptoms of cholera

severe water diarrhoea

nutrient imbalance

loss of electrolytes

dehydration

50% chance of death in the span of a few hours if not treated

kidney failure vomiting

how is cholera transmitted

via the faecal-oral route

Bad waste disposal can cause faeces to enter rivers and water sources

poorly washed hands

Flooding causes the mixing of sewage and clean water

perparing food with contamined water

Approches to protect from cholera

boiling or chlorinating water before usage

properly washing hands

health education

cholera vaccines

cleaning water

improving sewage systems

strong rehydration saves 99% of patiens

Social and economic impacts

decrease in productivity

1.3 to 4million cases yearly

20-150 thousand deaths reported yearly

contributes to poverty cycle

places strain on hospitals

How is Zika virus transfered and who is affected

Aedes aegepti mosquitoes → females need blood for eggs → these are very effective at spreading the disease because they can reproduce at great volume in many poor regions

In poor areas, the virus lays eggs in stagnant water, water reservoirs of slums, waste such as tyres, cans and also in plant pots

Indirectly, the virus stays in semen for 6 months after infection and, therefore can be transferred sexually

story of transfer of zika virus

First recorded in Uganda in the 1940s deemed a tropical and rare disease

First major Yap Island in microindonesia in the 1970s

Spread to French Polynesia and South Asia

Spread to South America, Brazil was more impacted due to the influx of people for the 2016 Olympics → over 3,500 children with congenital Zika syndrome were reported after the Olympic Games, resulting in a 20,000% increase

WHO calls a public health emergency?

Today, present in 86 countries and 4 million cases have been reported

Symptoms

in 80

% of cases, no syndrome

If present fever, rash, joint pain and some neural problems in rare cases

Main problem is Congenital Zika Syndrome → causes the death of placental cells that help develop the brain, resulting in a child with a much smaller skull and an undeveloped brain

economic and social impacts

psychological damage to families that must take care of CZS

$1-10 million lifetime of expenses per CZS

increased hospital strain as CZS must frequent often

Discrimination towards CZS

decrease in tourism during the 2016 Olympic preparation period and after

How to stop the epidemic

education of impacted communities

increased female testing

$56 million dollar funding appeeled by WHO

women asked not to have children during the 2016 peak of epidemics

distribution of condoms

Release of genetically modified Ades aegepti msoquito (male) → causes offspring of females carrying the virus to die before maturing

long-term investment in water and sanitation