Child Development Study Guide for Chapter 10: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

A set of flashcards designed to cover key concepts and definitions from Chapter 10 on Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood.

What is self-definition?

Self-definition refers to how individuals perceive themselves, shaping their identity during early childhood.

What is self-esteem?

Self-esteem is the overall subjective evaluation of one's own worth or value.

What is self-concept?

Self-concept is the collection of beliefs and ideas that an individual has about themselves.

Common theme for self-definition, self-concept, and self-esteem in early childhood?

The common theme reflects the interconnectedness of how children view themselves, their feelings of worth, and identity.

What is mindset?

Mindset refers to the attitudes and beliefs that shape how individuals perceive their abilities and potential for growth.

Fixed mindset vs. Growth mindset?

A fixed mindset believes abilities are static, while a growth mindset believes abilities can develop through effort.

What is emotion regulation?

Emotion regulation is the ability to manage and respond to emotional experiences in a healthy way.

What are social emotions?

Social emotions are feelings that relate to interactions with others, such as guilt, shame, or empathy.

Erikson’s third stage: Initiative vs. Guilt?

This stage occurs between ages 3-6, where children experience conflict between initiative (exploration) and guilt (overstepping boundaries).

Define Sex assigned at birth.

Sex assigned at birth refers to the biological classification as male or female based on physical anatomy at birth.

Define Gender identity.

Gender identity is an individual's internal sense of their own gender, which may or may not correspond with the sex assigned at birth.

Define Transgender.

Transgender refers to individuals whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth.

Define Cisgender.

Cisgender describes individuals whose gender identity matches the sex they were assigned at birth.

Define Sexual orientation.

Sexual orientation refers to the pattern of emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction one has toward others.

Define Gender roles.

Gender roles are societal expectations about how individuals should behave based on their assigned gender.

Define Gender typing.

Gender typing is the process through which children learn the behaviors and attitudes deemed appropriate for their gender.

Define Gender stereotypes.

Gender stereotypes are oversimplified and widely held beliefs about the characteristics of men and women.

What is gender dysphoria?

Gender dysphoria is the psychological distress resulting from a discrepancy between a person's gender identity and their assigned sex at birth.

Do all transgender individuals have gender dysphoria?

No, not all transgender individuals experience gender dysphoria; it is not a prerequisite for being transgender.

Five theoretical approaches for gender development?

1. Biological Approach 2. Evolutionary Developmental Approach 3. Psychoanalytic Approach 4. Cognitive Approach 5. Social Learning Theory.

Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Theory.

Kohlberg's theory posits that children actively construct their understanding of gender through stages of development.

What is gender constancy?

Gender constancy is the realization that a person's gender remains the same, regardless of changes in appearance or behavior.

Three stages of Kohlberg's Cognitive Developmental Theory?

1. Gender identity 2. Gender stability 3. Gender consistency.

What is Baumrind’s Authoritarian Parenting Style?

A style characterized by high demand and low responsiveness, where parents impose strict rules.

What is Baumrind’s Permissive Parenting Style?

A style characterized by high responsiveness and low demand, where parents allow significant self-regulation.

What is Baumrind’s Authoritative Parenting Style?

A style characterized by high responsiveness and high demand, promoting independence while maintaining boundaries.

What is Baumrind’s Neglectful Parenting Style?

A style marked by low demand and low responsiveness, where parents are disengaged from their child's life.

Critiques of Baumrind’s parenting styles?

Critiques include oversimplification, cultural bias, and neglect of context influences on parenting.

Define discipline.

Discipline involves methods used to teach acceptable behavior and self-control to children.

Define inductive techniques.

Inductive techniques involve reasoning with the child and explaining the consequences of their actions.

What is corporal punishment?

Corporal punishment is the use of physical force with the intention of causing pain as a method of discipline.

Reasons to avoid corporal punishment?

Corporal punishment can lead to increased aggression, behavioral problems, and strained parent-child relationships.

Define the 4 cognitive levels of play.

1. Functional: Simple activities like running or jumping. 2. Constructive: Building or creating with materials. 3. Dramatic: Role-playing or imitating real-life scenarios. 4. Formal games with rules: Organized games requiring set rules.

Define Parten’s 6 social dimension types of play.

1. Unoccupied behavior: Child is not engaged. 2. Onlooker behavior: Child observes others play. 3. Solitary independent play: Child plays alone. 4. Parallel play: Children play side-by-side without interaction. 5. Associative play: Children interact and share. 6. Cooperative play: Children work together towards a common goal.

What is altruism?

Altruism is selfless concern for the well-being of others.

What is prosocial behavior?

Prosocial behavior refers to actions intended to benefit others, such as helping or sharing.

Compare instrumental aggression, overt aggression, and relational aggression.

Instrumental aggression is goal-directed, overt aggression involves physical harm, and relational aggression aims to harm social relationships.