OSCE Papers - Anatomy 2

C-Spine Osteology - Paper

Bogduk & Mercer 2000

• Review Paper on C-Spine Kinematics

• Cadavers, imaging, healthy individuals

• Looked at movements + Loading at different segments

• Found movements to be complex + variable across people

• Axial Rotation at Atlanto-axial joint

• Coupled Movements - NB

Limitations:

• Heterogeneity in measured techniques

Cx/Tx Spinal Muscles - Paper

Lee, Coppieters & Hodges 2009

P:

• 10 healthy adults - mean age 29 - experimental Lab study

I/C:

• EMG Multifidus, Longissimus, rotaries - during rapid shoulder Flexion + Extension

• Multifidus + Longissimus active during anticipatory postural adjustments, before deltoid

• Multifidus more active ipsilaterally

• Longis. more active contralaterally

Limitations:

• Small Sample Size

• Healthy Population

Shoulder - Paper

Schwank et al. 2022 - BERN Consensus

P

• Athletes of all levels, shoulder demands

I/C:

• Looked at Clinical Strategies for management + Rehab, RTP criteria

O:

• Injury Prevention Program 2x per week

• Load Management

• NB: Sport Specific Plyo’s

Limitations:

• Relies on expert opinion, not data

Elbow - Paper

De Haan et al. 2011

P:

• Narrative Review - 39 Studies

I/C:

• Looked at joint stability + Load transmission

• Dynamic Stability from Muscles

O:

• MCL = Strongest Lig, main Valgus stabiliser

• Pronated Position is more stable

Limitations:

• Mainly Looked at cadavers

Radio-ulnar Joint/ Forearm - Paper

La Stayo & Lee 2006

P:

• Narrative review of 49 papers

I/C:

• Anatomy + biomechanics of prox/dist RU joint + interosseus membrane

O:

• All function together as one biomechanical unti to allow rotation + load transmission

• Successful Treatment requires protection of healing tissues + gradual return to functional activity

Limitations:

• Narrative Review

• Heterogeinity

hand - Paper

Duncan et al. 2013

P:

• Narrative review - 65 Papers

I/C:

• 7 Key Functions - Precision pinch, Opposition Pinch, Key Pinch, Church Grip, Hook Grip, Power Grasp, Span Grasp

O:

• Thumb is central to function, intrinsics play key role in grip + pinch

Limitations:

• Narrative Review

Movement Analysis - Paper

Sternad et al. 2018

P:

• Narrative Review - 104 papers cited

O:

• Variability in movement is normal, not an error

• Multiple ways to achieve a goal, individuals will develop their own way.

• Efficiency is based on anthropometry, previous injuries + neurological control.

Movement Analysis time! Support Paper

Mathiassen et al. 2013

• Review Article

O:

• Variations in movement normal to avoid repetitive stain injuries. In similar small movements injuries may develop, therefore body attempts to vary it’s actions to recruit different fibres, leading to variation not only across individuals, but between an individuals own repeated movements.

Limitations:

• Review Article