HHE 378 Exam #3

What are Depressants?

A class of drug that decreases Central Nervous System activity

What is a Sedative used to treat?

Anxiety

What is a Hypnotic used to treat?

Insomnia

Actions of the Sympathetic Nervous System:

“Fight or Flight”

Pupil Dilation

Increased Heart Rate

Constriction of Blood Vessels

Actions of the Parasympathetic Nervous System:

“Rest & Digest”

Pupil Constriction

Decreased Heart Rate

Dilation of Blood Vessels

How are Barbiturates grouped?

Barbiturates are grouped based on their duration of action, corresponding to their time of onset

What are the (3) concerns regarding Barbiturate use?

1) Overdose Deaths

2) Abuse

3) Dependence

What are Short-Acting (Rapid Onset) Barbiturates used for? How are they prescribed?

Sleep Induction

Prescribed in High Doses

What are Long-Acting (Delayed Onset) Barbiturates used for? How are they prescribed?

Anxiety Reduction

Prescribed in Low Doses

What is the use for Benzodiazepine “Benzo”?

Anxiety Reduction (Considered to be Less Drowsy than Barbiturates)

Which Benzodiazepine is known to be a “Best Seller” among all prescription drugs?

Valium

Which Benzodiazepine is known to be the “Date-Rape Drug”? What is it typically used for?

Rohypnol

This Benzodiazepine is commonly slipped into women’s drinks to produce profound intoxication when mixed with alcohol.

Which Benzodiazepine is considered the most prescribed in its drug class?

Xanax

Schedule I Drug:

Highly Potential for Abuse

Not currently acceptable for medical use in the United States

Examples: Heroin, Marijuana, Ecstasy

Schedule II Drug:

Highly Potential for Abuse

Currently acceptable for medical use in the United States

Abuse may lead to severe physiological or physical dependence

Examples: Morphine, Cocaine, Methamphetamine

Schedule III Drug:

Moderate Potential for Abuse

Currently acceptable for medical use in the United States

Abuse may lead to moderate physiological or physical dependence

Examples: Anabolic Steroids, Barbiturates, THC

Schedule IV Drug:

Low Potential for Abuse

Currently acceptable for medical use in the United States

Abuse may lead to mild physiological or physical dependence

Examples: Xanax, Ambien

Schedule V Drugs:

Low Potential for Abuse

Currently acceptable for medical use in the United States

Abuse may lead to very minor physiological or physical dependence

Examples: Mixtures containing small amounts of Opium or Codeine

What drug did Michael Jackson overdose from?

Propofol

What are Non-Benzo Hypnotics?

Drugs containing a different chemical structure than Benzodiazepines, however, they have the same effects

Example: Ambien

Which Non-Benzo Hypnotic is known for its rapid onset and short duration of action? It was also known as the most widely prescribed drug on the market!

Ambien (Zolpidem)

What are Anxiolytics used for?

Anxiety Reduction

Examples: Xanax, Ativan, Klonopin, Valium

What are Sleeping Pills used for?

Insomnia Prevention

What are Anti-Convulsants used for?

Seizure Prevention

What is Abuse Liability?

The risk you undergo in the possibility a drug will be misused

What is Toxicity?

The degree to which a drug can cause harm

What the Mechanism of Action for Depressants?

GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid) Inhibitory Neurotransmission

What is the Medical Model?

A model critiqued by both medical doctors and psychologists.

This model says an individual appears with a set of symptoms and on the basis of these a diagnosis is made as to which disease the individual is suffering from. Once the disease is known, the cause can be determined and the patient can be provided with treatment/cure.

What are the (4) Steps of the Medical Model?

1) Symptoms

2) Diagnosis

3) Cause

4) Treatment/Cure

Define Health:

A state of the body where body and mind are functioning normally without disease or disorder.

What is Anxiety?

Excessive/Unrealistic Fear or Worry

Examples: Specific Phobia, Social Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder

What is Psychoses?

The loss of contact with reality

What is the cause of Organic Psychosis?

Physical/Biological Brain Damage or Disease

What is the cause of Functional Psychosis?

There is no clear cause! The cause is unknown due to numerous psychological factors

What are symptoms of Schizophrenia?

Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized Speech

What are symptoms of Depressive Disorders?

Sadness, Irritability, Emptiness

Examples: Bipolar Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder

What is the major most concerning symptom of Bipolar Disorder?

Manic Episodes

What (2) symptoms classify the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder?

2+ Weeks of:

A) Depressed Mood Most of the Day

B) Diminished Interest/Pleasure in Activities

What is the DSM (5)?

An official guide used by professionals to diagnose and classify mental disorders, based on specific criteria

What is the purpose of the DSM (5)?

To ensure consistent and standardized diagnosis

Male vs Female Alcohol Consumption:

Male: 2 Drinks Per Day

Female: 1 Drink Per Day

What is the amount of alcohol in moderation for a standard drink?

0.6 fl oz

What fraction of adults are Abstainers?

1/3

In individuals who drink, on average they consume how many drinks per day?

3 Drinks

What % of individuals who consume alcohol account for 50% of alcohol?

10%

What is Absorption?

The process of alcohol entering your bloodstream through the small intestine

What (3) things affect Alcohol Absorption?

1) Food

2) Water

3) Carbonation

What is BAC? What does it determine?

Blood Alcohol Content: The % of alcohol in the bloodstream

BAC determines the level of impairment

What is Alcohol Metabolism? Where does it occur?

Alcohol Metabolism is the breakdown of alcohol, which occurs in the liver

What is Alcohol Dehydrogenase?

The conversion of Ethanol → Acetaldehyde

What is “Sobering Up” reliant on?

Liver Processing Time

What is Alcohol’s Mechanism of Action?

GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid) Inhibitory Neurotransmission

What is the major effect of alcohol on the brain?

Slows Brain Activity (Depressant)

What Group # Carcinogin is Alcohol?

Group #1

What is the relation between Alcohol & Health People 2030?

Healthy People 2030 is a Public Health initiative to urge excessive drinking reduction.

What is Acute Toxicity?

The short term effects of alcohol

What is Chronic Toxicity?

The long term effects of alcohol

What is Withdrawal?

Physical Dependence

Caused when prolonged heavy use of alcohol is relieved when alcohol intake is stopped

What is AUD?

Alcohol Use Disorder

A disorder of frequently drinking patterns that begins impacting relationships, work/school, family, etc

What is Fermentation?

“Forms the basis for all alcoholic beverages”

A process where yeast acts on sugar in the presence of water to create alcohol.

What is Distillation?

A process in which the solution containing alcohol is heated and the vapors are collected and condensed into liquid form again.

What is Prohibition? When did it occur?

The United States Alcohol Production & Sale Ban (1920-1933)

What is the Legal Drinking Age in the United States?

21 Years Old

What does CRIS stand for? What is it?

Campus Response to Intervention & Support

A program that helps students with substance misuse and/or risky behavior.

What is Dopesick?

A book/TV series about the Opioid Crisis (Oxycodone)