chemistry paper ap3

Filtration

seperates insolubles from liquid

evaporation

liquid turning into gas

distillation

purify liquids or seperate mixtures

chromatography

seperates dissolved substances on paper

delvelopment of the periodic table

mendeleev aranged from increasing atomic mass

development of periodic table

suggested there were undiscovered elements

development of periodic table

made predictions on missing elements and was right

modern periodic table

elements arranged in order of atomic number

why is group 0 unreactive

because it has a complete outer shell

when do atoms become ions

when they loose or gain an electron to become stable

list some properties of group 1 elements

soft , reacts vigourously with oxygen

list some proerties of group 1 elements

reacts rapidly with water , water chages colour , fizzes , gasses produced

why are group 1 elements very reactive going down the periodic tbale

Easier electron loss

list some properties of group 7 elements

highly reactive , going down the group reactivity decreases

what does ionic , meallic , and covalent bond?

metallic: metal+metal

covalent:non metal+non metal

ionic :metal+non metal

where are non metals on the periodic table

of the right side of the stepped line

what is an ion

an atom that has an overall charge

what is an ionic lattice

a structure that is held together by strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions

some properties of an ionic lattice

only conduct electricity in molten or when dissolved in water

very high melting and boiling points

why does an ionic lattice have very high melting and boiling points

They have very high melting and boiling points because they require a lot of electrostatic force of attraction of heat to break them

where can an ionic lattice only conduct electricity in?

when melted or when in water

properties of simple molecules

share weak intermolecular force

low melting point

what are simple molecules in room temperature

gases or liquids

what are the properties of a giant covalent structure

massive layers of non metals linked by strong covalent bonds

high melting/boiling points

insulators

why are giant covalents insulators

they are tightly packed together and have no delocalised electrons to carry charge

what are giant covalents at room temperature

solids

what are the properties of diamond

each carbon is covalently bonded

hard

high melting point

insulators

why is diamond an insulator

The electrons are tightly packed together, so no electrons can conduct electricity

Why is graphite an electrical conductor

because they have a delocalised electron to carry charge

what are polymers

strong covalently bonded long chain molecules

What are the properties of polymers

unreactive

strong

insulators

why are polymers solid at room temperature

strong intermolecular forces to overcome

high melting point

large molecular size -thousands of atoms

what is metallic bonding

metallic bonding is the strong electrostatic force between metals

list some properties of metals

high melting and boiling points

good electrical and thermal conductivity

what are nanoparticles

tiny particles that consist of a few atoms

properties of nanoparticles

large surfac area to volume ratio

increased surface energy

What are some concerns about nanoparticles

high reactivity because of large surface area

skin absorption

contaminates the environment

what is oxidation in term of oxygen

the gain of oxygen

what is reduction in terms of oxygen

reduction is the loss of oxygen

What is oxidation in terms of electrons

Loss of electrons

What is reduction in terms of electrons

The gain of electrons

list an example of an oxidation reaction

combustion

list a example for a reduction reaction

extracting iron from its ore

metal extraction methods

electrolysis

reduction

what is the reactivity list short name

please stop calling me a careless zebra instead learn how copper saves gold

what are metals ordered by

how easy they are to lose an electron

crystillisation steps

put solute into evaporating basin

let bunsen burner heat up

when solution is heated enough salt crystals will form

what colour will acids turn when reacted

red,orange,yellow

what colour will neutrals turn

green

what colour will alkalis turn

blue.purple

what are strong acids

acids that completely dissolve in an aqueous soloution

what are weak acids

acids that only partially dissolve in water

what is the stucture of graphite

Graphite is a hexagonal 3d stucture, a single layer covalently bonded, used in lubricants and batteries with delocalised electrons that conduct elctricity and slip over each other

what is graphene

graphene is a 2d hexagonal structure covalently bonded and has delocalised electron which means they conduct electricity used in electronics

Properties of simple covalent

Low conductivity

Low thermal conductivity

Low solubility

The structure of giant covalent

Large structure of nonmetal covalent bonded

give an example of a giant covalent

pottasium sulfide

what is an alloy

an alloy is more than 2 mixtures with atleast a metal

what isa base

it neutrilises acids

danger of nanoparticles

can enter thin blood vessel of tumor and harm

used to lower uv in sunscreen which is harmful

enters wasway when nanosocks are washed

what is the equation of percentage yield

actual yield/theoretical yield x100

properterties of diamond

A diamond has 4 strong covalent bonds, has a big lattice structure, and has a very high melting point

Why are some elements more reactive than others

They have less shells so it is easier to accept an electron

What is the charge of an electron

-1

What is the steps for crystallisation

Put acid with power or insoluble

Add excess until u see powder

Filter mix

Heat solution in an evaporating dish over Bunsen

Crystals start to form