Reproductive System A&P Lab

Which primary reproductive organ is responsible for producing gametes and sex hormones in females?

The ovary.

What is the specific site where fertilization typically occurs within the female reproductive system?

The oviduct (uterine tube).

In which structure of the female reproductive system does implantation and fetal development occur?

The uterus.

Which female accessory structure is responsible for milk production and secretion?

The mammary gland.

Which primary reproductive organ produces sperm and testosterone in males?

The testis.

What is the physiological role of the scrotum?

To house the testes and maintain them at a temperature lower than body temperature for optimal sperm production.

In which structure do sperm undergo maturation and gain motility?

The epididymis.

Which duct transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?

The vas deferens (ductus deferens).

The _____ is formed by the union of the duct of the seminal vesicle and the ductus deferens.

Ejaculatory duct

Which male accessory gland contributes approximately $60\%$ of the total semen volume?

Seminal vesicle.

What is the function of the fructose secreted by the seminal vesicles?

It serves as the primary energy source for sperm motility.

What is the role of prostaglandins in seminal vesicle secretions?

They stimulate muscle contractions to aid in sperm transport.

Which accessory gland produces an alkaline secretion that constitutes about $30\%$ of semen volume?

Prostate gland.

What is the function of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)?

It is a serine protease enzyme that liquefies clotted semen to release sperm.

Which gland secretes a lubricant that also neutralizes residual urine acidity in the male urethra?

Bulbourethral gland.

In the process of semen formation, what is added to the mixture first?

Sperm.

At what developmental stage does oogenesis begin in females?

During fetal development.

Oogenesis arrests at which specific phase of meiosis before birth occurs?

Prophase I.

At which phase of meiosis does the oocyte arrest after puberty until fertilization occurs?

Metaphase II.

What event triggers the completion of the second meiotic division in oogenesis?

Fertilization.

When does the process of spermatogenesis typically begin in males?

At puberty.

Why would an ovary of a 20-year-old female lack oogonia?

Oogonia have already matured into primary oocytes before birth.

Which diploid ($2n$) stem cells are present in the testes of a 20-year-old male?

Spermatogonia.

Trace the path of sperm from production to ejaculation.

Seminiferous tubules $\rightarrow$ Epididymis $\rightarrow$ Ductus deferens $\rightarrow$ Ejaculatory duct $\rightarrow$ Urethra.

Trace the path of an oocyte from production to the site of implantation.

Ovary $\rightarrow$ Oviduct (Uterine tube) $\rightarrow$ Uterus.

Which hormone, released by the hypothalamus at approximately age 8, initiates the onset of puberty?

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Which two gonadotropins are released by the anterior pituitary in response to GnRH?

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Which specific cells in the testes produce testosterone?

Interstitial (Leydig) cells.

Which cells in the female ovary are responsible for the production of estrogen?

Follicle cells.

What structure is formed from a follicle remnant after ovulation and produces progesterone?

Corpus luteum.

List three male secondary sex characteristics resulting from testosterone release.

Facial hair growth, larynx elongation (lowered voice), and increased musculature.

How does the sensitivity of the hypothalamus to negative feedback change during puberty?

Sensitivity decreases, allowing for an increase in the production of testosterone and estrogen.

Concept: Spermatid

Definition: A haploid ($n$) cell produced at the end of Meiosis II that has not yet developed a tail.

How can spermatozoa be identified on a microscopic slide of the testis?

By the presence of distinct tails pointing toward the tubule lumen.

Order the stages of follicle development in the ovary from least to most mature.

Primordial $\rightarrow$ Primary $\rightarrow$ Secondary $\rightarrow$ Mature follicle.

Which layer of the uterus is the innermost mucosal lining where implantation occurs?

Endometrium.

Which layer of the uterus is composed of smooth muscle and is responsible for labor contractions?

Myometrium.

During which phase of the uterine cycle are endometrial glands most developed and secretory?

Secretory phase.

In fetal pig dissections, which structure serves as a common chamber for the reproductive and urinary tracts?

Urogenital sinus.

Which anatomical structure contains the spermatic artery, vein, nerves, and ductus deferens?

Spermatic cord.

What are the finger-like projections at the distal end of the uterine tube called?

Fimbriae.

Which ligament anchors the ovary to the lateral wall of the uterus?

Ovarian ligament.

The _____ ligament is a large fold of peritoneum that supports the uterus and uterine tubes.

Broad

Which part of the uterus is the superior, rounded region above the entry of the uterine tubes?

Fundus.

Which anatomical structure is the inferior opening of the uterus into the vagina?

Cervix.

Name the paired erectile tissues that form the majority of the body of the penis.

Corpora cavernosa.

Which erectile tissue in the male surrounds the urethra?

Corpus spongiosum.

Which muscles are responsible for elevating the testes toward the body for temperature regulation?

Cremaster muscles.

Which female external structure is homologous to the male penis?

Clitoris.

What are the transverse folds in the vaginal mucosa called?

Rugae.

How many functional gametes are produced from a single primary spermatocyte?

Four functional spermatozoa.

How many functional gametes are produced from a single primary oocyte?

One functional ovum (and two or three polar bodies).

What is the term for a pregnancy occurring in the uterine tube rather than the uterus?

Tubal (or ectopic) pregnancy.

Which hormone surge is the specific trigger for ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone (LH).

What is the connective tissue background of the ovary called?

Stroma.

In the male, what is the role of the dartos muscle?

It wrinkles the scrotal skin to help regulate the temperature of the testes.

Identify the funnel-shaped portion of the uterine tube that opens toward the ovary.

Infundibulum.

Which ligament connects the uterus to the labia majora through the inguinal canal?

Round ligament.

What are the small, non-functional cells produced during oogenesis called?

Polar bodies.

Which primary hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum to maintain the uterine lining?

Progesterone.

Where specifically are Leydig cells located in the testis?

In the interstitial spaces between the seminiferous tubules.

What is the primary role of the alkalinity of the prostate gland secretion?

To neutralize the acidic environment of the vagina and protect sperm.

The _____ is the layer of the uterus that is shed during menstruation.

Endometrium (specifically the functional layer)

Which hormone directly stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics?

Estrogen.

In the male, which hormone stimulates the Leydig cells to produce testosterone?

Luteinizing hormone (LH).

What is the name of the diploid stem cell that begins the process of oogenesis?

Oogonium.

What is the external sac that contains the testes called?

Scrotum.

What anatomical structure in the male serves both the urinary and reproductive systems?

Urethra.