Units 5-8 AP Chem Super Review

.. end at hybridization

Arrhenius acids

Increases H+ when added to water. Ex: HCl ->(H2O) H3O^+ + Cl^-

Arrhenius bases

Increases OH^- when added to water. Ex: NaOH ->(H2O) Na^+ + OH^-

How many sig figs in pH calculations?

Only digits to the right of the decimal in a pH are sinficant.

On the pH scale:

0 - 6.99 7 7.01-14

_____ _____

On the pOH scale:

0 - 6.99 7 7.01-14

_____ _____

On the pH scale:

0 - 6.99 7 7.01-14

Acid Base

On the pOH scale:

0 - 6.99 7 7.01-14

Base Acid

What relationship do pH and temperature have in water and why?

inverse; [Hotter H2O; lower OH]

The authorization of water is an endothermic process; the system absorbs heat and shifts to produce more [H+] and [OH-] ions, increasing the ion product constant (Kw).

Hydronium

H3O+

Strong acids?

Weak acids?

Strong bases?

Weak bases?

Strong acids: Bring Clay; 2+ more O than H

Weak acids: Anything containing Carbon

Strong bases: Group 1 hydroxides; Br/Ca/Sr

Weak bases: Aitrogenous bases like NH3

Bronsted-Lowry

Acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors. It focuses on the transfer of protons (H+) between molecules during acid-base reactions; The stronger the acid, the weaker its conjugate acid