Biology Final Review

How many bonds is nitrogen most likely to form?

3

A covalent bond is best described as an interaction between:

Atoms where electrons are shared

Which of these molecules are most likely to form hydrogen bonds?

A. O2 B. CO2 C. C6H12O6 D. C2H6

C6H12O6

A base is a molecule that

Decreases the H+ concentration of a solution

What functional group is an acid or negatively charged?

phosphate

Which functional group will decrease the solubility of a molecule in water?

Methyl

Which functional group can decrease the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution?

Amino

Which functional groups are present in all amino acids?

Amino and carboxyl

What is the result of tertiary structure?

3D structure

What bond/interactions are involved in water turning as it moves through aquaporin?

Hydrogen bonds

How does structure of aquaporin facilitate the turning of water as it moves through?

The presence of 2 Asparagine-alanine (NPA) motifs forms a hydrogen bond that forces water molecules to flip 180 degrees.

How does the structure of insulin facilitate its long term storage?

When zinc is present it attaches to a histidine on insulin assembling into a hexamer that maintains insulin in an inactive form.

Which of these molecules could form hydrogen bonds?

A. CH4 B. O2 C. NH3 D. All of these

NH3

Which of the following will lower the pH of a solution?

A. An acid B. A base C. Hydrogen bonds D. Polar bonds

An acid

Which of the following functional groups could decrease the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution?

A. Amino B. Carboxyl C. Carbonyl D. Phosphate

Amino

Which functional group could decrease the solubility of a molecule?

A. Carbonyl B. Methyl C. carboxyl D. Hydroxyl

Methyl

which functional group could increase the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution?

A. Phosphate b. Carbonyl C. Methyl D. Hydroxyl

Phosphate

What types of bonds are involved in primary structure?

covalent bonds

In what form is energy transferred between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?

NADPH and ATP

What is the function of fermentation in living things?

To regenerate NAD+

How many net ATP are made during glycolysis per glucose?

2

In which process of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide produced?

Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle

During pyruvate oxidation what is reduced?

NAD+

The electron transport chain of cellular respiration converts energy between what two forms?

Start: NADH and FADH2 End: H+ gradient

Where is the electron that travels through the ETC of cellular respiration at the end of the ETC?

H2O

Where is the water splitting complex of located?

Photosystem II

What is oxidized during the Calvin cycle?

NADPH

What is reduced during the Calvin cycle?

CO2

Which of the following best describes a REDOX reaction?

A reaction where electrons are transferred between atoms.

In cellular respiration NAD+ is converted into NADH. This reaction is an example of

Reduction

What is the function of NADH in cellular respiration?

A molecule that carries energized electrons between processes

What is the molecule that starts/ends the Calvin cycle?

RUBP

What are the products of glycolyis?

ATP, NADH, and pyruvate

How many membranes do chloroplast have?

3

What is evidence for the endosymbiosis theory of mitochondria?

They have their own DNA

What is the final electron acceptor of the ETC of photosynthesis?

NADPH

What are the three stages of the Calvin cycle?

Fixation, reduction, regeneration

What enzyme facilitates carbon fixation?

RuBisCO

How is energy transferred between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH

In what form is energy stored at the end of the Calvin cycle?

Ga3P

What is the role of oxygen (O2) in cellular respiration?

It is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain

Which of the following is the high energy form of a high energy electron carrier?

NADH

Which of the following occurs during the investment phase of glycolysis?

A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to fructose 6-phosphate

Which of the following is oxidized during glycolysis?

Ga3P

In which steps of cellular respiration is CO2 produced?

Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle

How many carbons are in Acetyl-CoA(the molecules that enters the citric acid cycle)?

2

What molecules are reduced during the citric acid cycle?

NAD+ and FAD

What does the electron transport chain do with the energy from NADH and FADH2?

It uses the energy to pump protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane to create a chemiosmotic gradient

Which of the following might interact with an enhancer?

Transcription factor

What is a function of the 5’ UTR?

Interact with the ribosome to initiate translation

Where does RNA polymerase start its interaction with DNA?

Promotor

What is a gene?

A sequence of DNA that encodes for an RNA

During the process of transcription in eukaryotes, in which direction is the RNA polymer synthesized, and which strand of DNA does the RNA polymerase read?

RNA is synthesized 5’ to 3’ and DNA is read in the 3’ to 5’ direction.

How does the stop codon lead to the termination of translation?

It recruits a release factor that hydrolysis the bond between the polypeptide and the tRNA

Activation of a transcription factor is likely an intermediate step in which response to a cell signal?

Production of proteins

In a phospholipid, the “kink” in one of the fatty acid tails is typically caused by

A double bond that increases membrane fluidity

What protein facilitates the vesicles being targeted to the correct destination when they leave the golgi?

VSNARE

Small non polar molecules like O2 move across the cell membrane via

Simple diffusion directly through the phospholipid bilayer

What does the ribosome do?

Catalyze covalent bonds between amino acids

What can move through a membrane without the assistance of an integral membrane protein?

O2

What type of signaling involves a cell secreting a signal molecule that affects only the cells in its immediate vicinity?

Paracrine

What is the function of a transcription factor in a eukaryotic cell?

Bind to specific DNA sequence to regulate the rate of transcription

What is the role of co-activator of proteins?

They bind to other proteins to contribute to recruitment of RNA polymerase to the promotor

In prokaryotes, what does a regulatory gene do?

It codes for a repressor protein that can bind to the operator to inhibit transcription

What is true about redundancy in translation?

It allows for silent mutations

Which of the following is a function of the nuclear basket?

Chromatin organization

What is the function of importin and RAN?

Facilitate movement of molecules into the nucleus

Why are okazaki fragments produced during DNA replication?

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end of a pre-existing strand

Which of the following is the function of DNA clamp protein?

Prevents polymerase from dissociating from the parent strand

Where does the energy for DNA replication come from?

Bonds between phosphate groups attached to nucleotides

His is cohesion separated from the sister chromatids?

A phosphate group is attached to it

What is a role of cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases in the cell cycle?

Attached the chromosomes together after the completion of DNA synthesis

Why is myosin important to the cell cycle?

It is a component of of the contractile ring

Which of the following is true about proteins made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

They may be excreted from the cell

Which of the following is a function of recombinases?

Displacement of complimentary strand

What is an example of epistasis?

One gene encodes for a transcription factor that promotes expression of another gene

Where are the phospholipids present in phospholipid membranes made?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

In what circumstance are allleles most likely to be inherited together?

Genes that are close together on the same chromosome

What describes secondary structure?

Hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms

Which of the following can cause protein denaturation?

A. High temperature b. High pH C. Low pH d. All of the above

All of the above

What occurs during glycolysis when one glucose enters?

Splitting of a six carbon molecule into 2 3 carbon molecules

Why is oxygen important to cellular respiration??

It accepts the electron at the end of the electron transport chain

Where does the carbon in G3P get produced during the Calvin cycle originate?

CO2

What is the function of enhancers?

Bind to transcription factors

What is true about unsaturated fats?

They have double bonds in their fatty acid chains

Which of the levels of protein folding would be least affected by a change in pH?

Primary

In what ways do membranes of a eukaryotic cell vary?

Certain proteins are unique to each membrane

Which of the following is likely to be oxidized?

A. CO2 B O2 C. C3H8 D. NAD+

C. C3H8

By what mechanism is ATP made during glycolysis?

Substrate-level phosphorylation

What is the energy source that most directly drives oxidative phosphorylation of ATP?

H+ concentration gradient across the internal mitochondrial membrane

Which component of the translation machinery is responsible for the actual ‘decoding’ step, ensuring that the correct amino acid corresponds to the mRNA codon?

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthase

Which of the following functional groups is an acid or negatively charged?

A. Phosphate B. Amino C methyl D. Carbonyl

Phosphate

Which of the following functional groups could decrease the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution?

A. Phosphate B. Amino C. Methyl D. Carbonyl

Amino

What bond/interaction is involved in water turning as it moves through aquaporin?

A. Ionic bonds B. Hydrogen bonds c. Disulfide bridge D. Hydrophobic interaction

Hydrogen bonds

How many net ATP are made during glycolysis per glucose?

2

In what process of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide produced?

Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle

Where is the water splitting complex of located?

Photosystem II

Which of the following is oxidized during the Calvin cycle?

A. NADPH B. FADH2 C. Pyruvate D. CO2

NADPH

What is the function of NADH in cellular respiration?

A molecule that carries energized electrons between processes

What is the molecule that starts/ends the Calvin cycle?

RUBP